BMA Long Course flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Subject-verb agreement rule

A singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb. With either/or and neither/nor, the verb agrees with the nearer subject.

Third conditional form

Used for unreal past situations: if + past perfect in the condition clause, and would have + past participle in the result clause, as in 'If I had studied, I would have passed.'

Passive voice formation

The object of an active sentence becomes the subject, the verb becomes a form of 'be' plus past participle, and the original subject may follow 'by'.

Articles a, an, the

'A' and 'an' introduce singular countable indefinite nouns, with 'an' before vowel sounds. 'The' marks a specific or already mentioned noun.

Quadratic formula

For ax² + bx + c = 0 with a ≠ 0, the roots are x = [−b ± √(b² − 4ac)] / 2a. The discriminant b² − 4ac determines root type.

Sum and product of roots

For the quadratic ax² + bx + c = 0, the sum of the two roots equals −b/a and the product of the roots equals c/a.

Arithmetic progression sum

A sequence with constant difference d has nth term a + (n − 1)d and sum of n terms Sₙ = n/2 [2a + (n − 1)d].

Infinite geometric series sum

When the common ratio r satisfies |r| < 1, the sum of an infinite geometric series converges to a/(1 − r), where a is the first term.

Pythagorean identity

For any angle θ, sin²θ + cos²θ = 1. Dividing this identity by cos²θ gives 1 + tan²θ = sec²θ.

Newton's second law

The net force on a body equals mass times acceleration (F = ma). Force is also the rate of change of momentum, measured in newtons.

Kinetic energy formula

The kinetic energy of a body of mass m moving with speed v is ½mv², measured in joules. It doubles when speed increases by a factor of √2.

Ohm's law

For a conductor at constant temperature, current is directly proportional to potential difference: V = IR, where R is resistance in ohms.

Liquid pressure at depth

The pressure exerted by a liquid column of density ρ at depth h is P = ρgh, where g is the acceleration due to gravity.

Snell's law of refraction

When light crosses between media, n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂, where n is refractive index and angles are measured from the normal.

Avogadro's number and mole

One mole of any substance contains 6.022 × 10²³ elementary particles. That quantity in grams equals the substance's molar mass.

pH definition

pH equals the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. At 25 °C, values below 7 are acidic, 7 neutral, and above 7 basic.

Molarity formula

Molarity is the number of moles of solute divided by the volume of solution in litres. During dilution, M₁V₁ = M₂V₂ holds.

Oxidation and reduction

Oxidation is loss of electrons, shown by an increase in oxidation number. Reduction is gain of electrons, shown by a decrease in oxidation number.

Ideal gas equation

PV = nRT relates pressure, volume, moles, and absolute temperature, with R about 8.314 J/(mol·K). At STP one mole occupies about 22.4 L.

Mitosis versus meiosis

Mitosis yields two identical diploid cells for growth and repair. Meiosis yields four haploid gametes with genetic variation through crossing over and independent assortment.

Photosynthesis equation

In chloroplasts, chlorophyll captures light to convert carbon dioxide and water: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂, storing energy in glucose.

ABO blood groups

The ABO system has groups A, B, AB, and O. For red cell transfusion, O is the universal donor and AB the universal recipient.

Enzyme function

Enzymes are protein catalysts that lower activation energy and speed reactions without being consumed. High temperature or extreme pH denatures them.

Xylem and phloem

Xylem carries water and dissolved minerals upward from roots to leaves. Phloem transports dissolved sugars bidirectionally between leaves and other plant parts.

United Nations founding

The United Nations was founded on 24 October 1945 with headquarters in New York. It now has 193 member states, including Bangladesh since 1974.

SAARC origins

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation was founded in 1985 in Dhaka. Its permanent secretariat is located in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Sustainable Development Goals

The United Nations adopted 17 Sustainable Development Goals in 2015, setting 2030 as the target year for achieving them worldwide.

ASEAN founding

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations was established in 1967 in Bangkok by five founding members. Its secretariat is based in Jakarta, Indonesia.

Bangladesh Victory Day

The Liberation War of 1971 ended with victory on 16 December 1971, commemorated as Victory Day. Independence had been declared on 26 March 1971.

Bangladesh Constitution adoption

The Constitution of Bangladesh was adopted on 4 November 1972 and came into effect on 16 December 1972, the first anniversary of victory.

Jatiya Sangsad composition

Bangladesh's unicameral parliament has 350 seats: 300 members elected directly and 50 seats reserved for women, allocated by proportional representation.

Sundarbans significance

The Sundarbans is the world's largest mangrove forest and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It shelters the Royal Bengal Tiger and protects the coast from cyclones.