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BSCS Senior Officer Exam study materials
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BSCS Senior Officer Exam practice questions

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Question 1Public Administration and Governance

Which constitutional principle divides governmental authority between a central government and regional governments, each of which is sovereign in its own sphere?

  1. Federalism Correct answer.
  2. Confederation
  3. Unitary system
  4. Devolution

Explanation

Federalism is a system in which power is constitutionally divided between a central government and constituent regional governments, each exercising final authority within its own assigned sphere. A unitary system concentrates sovereignty in the center, while devolution merely transfers powers that the center can reclaim.

Question 2Public Administration and Governance

The principle that public officials must be answerable for their decisions and for the use of the resources entrusted to them is best described as which of the following?

  1. Discretion
  2. Autonomy
  3. Neutrality
  4. Accountability Correct answer.

Explanation

Accountability requires officials to answer for their actions, justify decisions, and accept consequences for the use of public resources. It links authority to responsibility and is enforced through oversight bodies, audits, and reporting requirements.

Question 3Public Administration and Governance

In public administration, the term 'span of control' refers to which of the following?

  1. The number of subordinates reporting directly to a supervisor Correct answer.
  2. The length of time a public servant may hold office
  3. The geographic area covered by a field office
  4. The share of the budget controlled by a department

Explanation

Span of control denotes the number of subordinates who report directly to one supervisor. A wide span produces a flat hierarchy but strains supervision, while a narrow span produces tall hierarchies with closer oversight.

Question 4Public Administration and Governance

Which budget concept authorizes spending for a single fiscal year and requires that unspent funds lapse back to the treasury?

  1. Annual appropriation Correct answer.
  2. Supplemental appropriation
  3. Capital budget
  4. Continuing resolution

Explanation

An annual appropriation provides authority to incur obligations for one fiscal year, and unspent balances generally lapse at year-end. This promotes periodic legislative review of spending priorities.

Question 5Public Administration and Governance

Which of the following best characterizes the traditional model of public administration associated with Weber and Wilson?

  1. Participatory decision-making by citizen assemblies
  2. Hierarchical bureaucracy governed by rules and merit appointment Correct answer.
  3. Collaborative networks of public and private actors
  4. Market competition among agencies for service contracts

Explanation

The traditional model emphasizes hierarchy, written rules, impersonal application of law, and appointment based on merit rather than patronage. These features were meant to produce predictability and guard against favoritism.

Question 6Public Administration and Governance

A civil servant is offered a gift by a contractor whose bid is under evaluation. Which course of action best reflects the ethical principle of avoiding conflicts of interest?

  1. Delegate the bid evaluation to a colleague without mentioning the gift
  2. Accept the gift because small tokens of appreciation are customary
  3. Decline the gift and disclose the offer to the designated ethics authority Correct answer.
  4. Accept the gift but report it only after the contract is awarded

Explanation

Declining the gift and disclosing the offer protects the integrity of the procurement process and creates a record that allows the organization to manage the risk. Disclosure lets the ethics authority determine whether further recusal is needed.

Question 7Public Administration and Governance

Which document typically sets out a government's planned revenues and expenditures for a coming fiscal period and serves as the principal instrument of legislative control over the executive?

  1. The administrative code
  2. The strategic plan
  3. The civil service register
  4. The annual budget Correct answer.

Explanation

The annual budget estimates revenues and authorizes expenditures, giving the legislature a periodic lever to review and constrain executive action. It is the central link between policy priorities and resource allocation.

Question 8Public Administration and Governance

Which of the following is a defining feature of a merit-based civil service system?

  1. Appointment of officials as rewards for political support
  2. Appointment and promotion based on demonstrated competence and competitive selection Correct answer.
  3. Selection by lottery among registered voters
  4. Tenure granted solely by seniority regardless of performance

Explanation

Merit systems select and advance employees through competitive examination or demonstrated competence rather than political loyalty. This is intended to insulate administration from patronage and to secure expertise.

Question 9Public Administration and Governance

A ministry discovers that a policy has produced unintended burdens on small businesses. Which activity best exemplifies policy evaluation rather than policy formulation?

  1. Consulting stakeholders on preferred alternatives
  2. Setting the policy agenda for the coming year
  3. Drafting a new bill to replace the existing policy
  4. Systematically measuring the policy's actual effects against its stated objectives Correct answer.

Explanation

Policy evaluation assesses how a policy performed relative to its goals, using evidence about outcomes and side effects. Drafting alternatives, consulting on preferences, and agenda-setting belong to earlier stages of the policy cycle.

Question 10Public Administration and Governance

Which mechanism most directly allows a legislature to hold an executive agency accountable for its spending during the year?

  1. Publishing the agency's organizational chart
  2. Renewing the agency's office lease
  3. Issuing professional licenses to agency staff
  4. Public hearings and audit reports on agency performance Correct answer.

Explanation

Legislative oversight relies on hearings, questioning of officials, and audit findings that examine whether funds were spent lawfully and effectively. These tools create a public record and can trigger corrective action.

Question 11Public Administration and Governance

Under a system of administrative decentralization, which transfer gives local governments legal authority to make decisions in specified functional areas?

  1. Devolution Correct answer.
  2. Deconcentration
  3. Privatization
  4. Centralization

Explanation

Devolution transfers decision-making authority and legal responsibility to subnational governments that exercise it within their own jurisdiction. Deconcentration merely relocates central officials, while privatization shifts functions outside government.

Question 12Public Administration and Governance

A department wants to compare the efficiency of two service delivery units. Which measure would be most appropriate?

  1. Total number of complaints received
  2. Output produced per unit of input consumed Correct answer.
  3. Number of staff employed in each unit
  4. Age of the buildings occupied by each unit

Explanation

Efficiency compares outputs achieved with inputs used, so a ratio of output to input allows a meaningful comparison across units. Raw counts of complaints, staff, or building age do not by themselves capture the relationship between resources and results.

Question 13Public Administration and Governance

Which concept describes the situation in which an agency pursues its own institutional interests, such as budget growth, rather than the objectives set by elected officials?

  1. Administrative neutrality
  2. Policy diffusion
  3. Regulatory capture
  4. Bureaucratic drift Correct answer.

Explanation

Bureaucratic drift occurs when agencies pursue goals or interests that diverge from those intended by the enacting coalition. Principal-agent problems and information asymmetry help explain why such divergence can persist.

Question 14Public Administration and Governance

A government uses a performance contract with a service provider that specifies outputs, payment terms, and penalties for shortfalls. Which governance approach does this most closely reflect?

  1. Direct participatory democracy
  2. Traditional patronage administration
  3. New public management Correct answer.
  4. Classical Weberian bureaucracy

Explanation

New public management applies market-type mechanisms such as contracts, performance targets, and incentives to public service delivery. Specifying outputs and penalties shifts emphasis from process compliance to measurable results.

Question 15Public Administration and Governance

Which of the following best explains why freedom of information laws strengthen accountability?

  1. They require officials to hold press conferences every week
  2. They guarantee employment for civil servants
  3. They transfer budget authority to the legislature
  4. They allow citizens and journalists to examine records underlying official decisions Correct answer.

Explanation

Access to records enables outsiders to scrutinize the evidence and reasoning behind decisions, exposing error or misconduct. Transparency thereby complements audits and legislative oversight as a check on power.

Question 16Public Administration and Governance

In the policy cycle, which stage immediately follows the formal adoption of a policy and involves putting it into effect through administrative action?

  1. Agenda-setting
  2. Termination
  3. Evaluation
  4. Implementation Correct answer.

Explanation

Implementation translates an adopted policy into programs, regulations, and services carried out by administrative agencies. It follows adoption and precedes evaluation of results.

Question 17Public Administration and Governance

A civil servant is asked to implement a lawful ministerial directive that she believes is poor policy. Which response is most consistent with the duty of administrative neutrality?

  1. Refuse to implement the directive without stating any reason
  2. Implement the directive faithfully while recording her concerns through proper channels Correct answer.
  3. Leak internal documents to build opposition to the directive
  4. Publicly campaign against the directive while implementing it

Explanation

Neutral competence requires officials to carry out lawful directives loyally while offering advice and concerns through authorized internal channels. This preserves the primacy of elected decision-makers without requiring officials to abandon professional judgment.

Question 18Public Administration and Governance

Which of the following is the primary purpose of an independent supreme audit institution?

  1. To provide objective assurance that public funds are used lawfully and properly Correct answer.
  2. To set the government's tax rates
  3. To draft the annual budget
  4. To appoint senior civil servants

Explanation

Supreme audit institutions examine public accounts and report to the legislature on legality, regularity, and value for money. Independence from the executive allows their findings to be credible and publicly reported.

Question 19Public Administration and Governance

A central agency requires all departments to use a common financial management information system. Which value does this reform primarily seek to advance?

  1. Decentralization of personnel decisions
  2. Deregulation of private industry
  3. Coordination and comparability across government units Correct answer.
  4. Competition among departments for resources

Explanation

Shared information systems standardize data definitions and reporting, enabling comparison, consolidation, and coordinated oversight across units. The aim is coherence rather than competition or deregulation.

Question 20Public Administration and Governance

Which principle of public administration holds that officials should apply rules uniformly to similar cases, without favoritism to persons?

  1. Impersonality Correct answer.
  2. Efficiency
  3. Responsiveness
  4. Innovation

Explanation

Impersonality means decisions are based on rules and relevant facts rather than on the identity or status of the person concerned. Weber treated this as essential to predictable and equitable administration.

Question 21Public Administration and Governance

A government faces a sudden epidemic and must fund emergency hospitals before the fiscal year's regular appropriations are enacted. Which budget instrument is most directly suited to this situation?

  1. A capital improvement plan
  2. A performance audit
  3. A line-item veto
  4. A supplemental appropriation Correct answer.

Explanation

A supplemental appropriation provides additional spending authority outside the regular cycle to meet urgent or unforeseen needs. It must still be enacted through the legislature, preserving fiscal control.

Question 22Public Administration and Governance

Which arrangement best reduces the principal-agent problem between elected officials and administrative agencies?

  1. Eliminating legislative committee review of agency rules
  2. Granting agencies unlimited discretion over their budgets
  3. Requiring agencies to report measurable results against statutory targets Correct answer.
  4. Allowing agencies to select their own external auditors

Explanation

Clear performance reporting reduces information asymmetry and allows elected officials to detect and correct divergence from statutory intent. Oversight tools work best when they generate verifiable information about agency outputs and outcomes.

Question 23Public Administration and Governance

A country's constitution assigns a function exclusively to the national government, but a regional government nonetheless regulates it. Which principle is being violated?

  1. The rule of law in criminal procedure
  2. The distribution of competences between levels of government Correct answer.
  3. The separation of powers among branches
  4. The neutrality of the civil service

Explanation

Constitutional allocation of competences determines which level of government may act in a given field. When a regional body regulates a matter reserved exclusively to the national government, it exceeds its constitutional authority regardless of the merits of the regulation.

Question 24Public Administration and Governance

An agency's regulatory decisions consistently favor the large firms it supervises, and former agency officials frequently take senior posts in those firms. Which phenomenon does this pattern most strongly suggest?

  1. Regulatory capture Correct answer.
  2. Fiscal illusion
  3. Policy termination
  4. Bureaucratic redundancy

Explanation

Regulatory capture occurs when an agency comes to serve the interests of the industry it regulates, often reinforced by revolving-door employment between regulator and regulated. The pattern of favorable decisions and career movement is a classic indicator.

Question 25Public Administration and Governance

Two agencies share responsibility for food safety, each assuming the other inspects a particular facility. Which governance failure does this illustrate?

  1. A violation of merit principles
  2. A failure of judicial review
  3. An exercise of excessive centralization
  4. A coordination failure arising from fragmented jurisdiction Correct answer.

Explanation

Overlapping or unclear jurisdictional boundaries can produce gaps in which each agency assumes another is acting. Effective governance requires clear allocation of responsibility and mechanisms for interagency coordination.

Question 26Public Administration and Governance

Which principle of public financial management holds that all government revenue should be paid into a single central fund and that no money should be spent from it without legislative approval?

  1. The principle of annuality of appropriations
  2. The principle of universality and unity of the budget Correct answer.
  3. The principle of program budgeting by objectives
  4. The principle of managerial flexibility in spending

Explanation

The unity and universality principles require that all receipts flow into one consolidated fund and that expenditures be authorized by the legislature rather than financed from earmarked revenue. This centralization lets the legislature see and control the full financial position of the state. Annuality concerns the time period of authorization, not the pooling of funds, and managerial flexibility is a contrasting reform idea.

Question 27Public Administration and Governance

A newly elected government wants its senior officials to give impartial advice to whichever party holds power and to keep their posts when the government changes. Which staffing arrangement best supports this?

  1. Short-term contracts tied to the electoral cycle
  2. Direct election of senior departmental officials
  3. A permanent career civil service with tenure protections Correct answer.
  4. Appointing advisers on the basis of party loyalty

Explanation

A permanent, tenured civil service separates administrative careers from electoral outcomes, so officials can serve successive governments loyally and provide continuity and institutional memory. Loyalty-based appointments and election-linked contracts tie officials to one party and undermine impartial advice. Electing officials would politicize administration and blur accountability with the executive.

Question 28Public Administration and Governance

A national health agency delegates routine licensing decisions to regional offices but keeps the legal power to make the rules and the right to revoke licenses. Which concept does this arrangement illustrate?

  1. Privatization of a public function
  2. Administrative decentralization of authority Correct answer.
  3. Deregulation of a regulated sector
  4. Devolution of constitutional powers

Explanation

Deconcentration and administrative decentralization transfer operational discretion to lower units while the center retains rule-making and ultimate control. Devolution differs because it transfers constitutional authority to elected regional bodies that the center cannot unilaterally reclaim. Privatization and deregulation change who performs or whether a function is regulated, not merely where within government it is carried out.

Question 29Public Administration and Governance

A city government wants citizens to participate meaningfully in shaping its five-year development plan before the plan is approved. Which approach best embodies substantive participatory planning?

  1. Publishing the finished plan online after approval
  2. Holding public hearings where draft options are debated before decisions are made Correct answer.
  3. Consulting business associations in private after the budget is fixed
  4. Surveying residents only about their satisfaction with past services

Explanation

Substantive participation requires that citizens influence choices while options are still open, so structured debate on draft proposals before adoption is the strongest form. Publishing a finished plan or measuring satisfaction with past services informs the public but does not affect the decision. Private consultation after the budget is set excludes most stakeholders from the actual choice.

Question 30Public Administration and Governance

A regulatory agency must decide whether to approve a chemical. It relies on studies funded by the manufacturer, its review staff have moved to and from industry posts, and its legal mandate is broad enough to permit approval or refusal. Which governance response most directly addresses the root cause of the resulting bias risk?

  1. Transferring final approval decisions to the regulated firms themselves
  2. Requiring the agency to publish more press releases about its decisions
  3. Increasing the agency's budget for public relations activities
  4. Introducing conflict-of-interest rules, independent data review, and post-employment cooling-off periods Correct answer.

Explanation

The bias risk stems from informational dependence on the regulated party and from revolving-door ties, so the remedy must target funding of evidence, independent review, and personnel movement. Transparency about press coverage and larger public relations budgets do not change who produces the evidence or who reviews it. Handing decisions to the firms would eliminate independent scrutiny entirely rather than cure the problem.

Question 31Philippine Constitution and Legal Framework

Under Article XI of the 1987 Constitution, which body has the power to initiate impeachment proceedings against a constitutional officer?

  1. The Supreme Court
  2. The Office of the Ombudsman
  3. The House of Representatives Correct answer.
  4. The Senate

Explanation

Article XI vests the exclusive power to initiate impeachment cases in the House of Representatives, which files and prosecutes the verified complaint. The Senate then tries and decides the case, but it cannot originate the proceedings itself.

Question 32Philippine Constitution and Legal Framework

How many senators must vote to convict an impeachable officer?

  1. Three-fourths of all the members of the Senate
  2. A majority of those present
  3. Two-thirds of all the members of the Senate Correct answer.
  4. A simple majority of all members

Explanation

The Constitution requires the concurrence of at least two-thirds of all the members of the Senate to convict, which is a fixed fraction of the entire membership rather than of those voting. This higher threshold reflects the gravity of removing an officer.

Question 33Philippine Constitution and Legal Framework

Which set of officials may be removed from office through impeachment under the 1987 Constitution?

  1. The President, Vice-President, Members of the Supreme Court, Members of the Constitutional Commissions, and the Ombudsman Correct answer.
  2. The President, Vice-President, and all members of Congress
  3. The President, the Ombudsman, and the Commission on Audit chairperson only
  4. Cabinet secretaries, the Ombudsman, and all judges of lower courts

Explanation

Article XI lists the President, Vice-President, Supreme Court Members, Constitutional Commission Members, and the Ombudsman as impeachable officers. Ordinary judges of lower courts and cabinet secretaries are removed by other means, such as judicial discipline or presidential removal.

Question 34Philippine Constitution and Legal Framework

The Bill of Rights generally prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. Which situation is a recognized exception allowing a warrantless search?

  1. A search of a residence based on an anonymous tip alone
  2. A search incidental to a lawful arrest Correct answer.
  3. A search conducted merely because the person appeared nervous in public
  4. A search conducted without any cause during a routine street patrol

Explanation

A search incidental to a lawful arrest is a settled exception because the arrest itself is lawful and the search protects the officer and preserves evidence. Other exceptions include consented searches, plain view, and exigent circumstances, but none of them rest on nervousness or rumor alone.

Question 35Philippine Constitution and Legal Framework

Which constitutional provision guarantees that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law?

  1. Article III, Section 1 Correct answer.
  2. Article XIV, Section 1
  3. Article II, Section 1
  4. Article XII, Section 1

Explanation

Article III, Section 1 of the Bill of Rights provides that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor denied equal protection of the laws. It is the foundational due process guarantee applied to both substantive and procedural questions.

Question 36Philippine Constitution and Legal Framework

A statute classifies tricycle drivers differently from other transport operators for a licensing fee. Which standard of review applies to test whether the classification violates the equal protection clause?

  1. Intermediate scrutiny, because economic regulation is always suspect
  2. Strict scrutiny, because transport is a fundamental right
  3. Rational basis review, because no suspect class or fundamental right is involved Correct answer.
  4. No review at all, because economic legislation is conclusively valid

Explanation

Equal protection analysis uses rational basis review when a classification involves economic or social welfare regulation and does not burden a suspect class or fundamental right. Under that test, the classification survives if it is reasonable, not arbitrary, and rests on substantial distinctions germane to the law's purpose.

Question 37Philippine Constitution and Legal Framework

Which right under Article III protects a person from being compelled to be a witness against himself?

  1. The right to bail
  2. The right to speedy disposition of cases
  3. The right to counsel
  4. The right against self-incrimination Correct answer.

Explanation

Article III, Section 17 guarantees that no person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. This privilege covers testimonial compulsion and extends to civil and administrative proceedings, though it does not bar the taking of physical evidence such as fingerprints.

Question 38Philippine Constitution and Legal Framework

Under the 1987 Constitution, a bill becomes a law when the President signs it, or when the President fails to act on it within how many days after receipt?

  1. Thirty days Correct answer.
  2. Sixty days
  3. Ten days
  4. Fifteen days

Explanation

Article VI, Section 27 provides that a bill becomes law when the President approves it or when the President fails to veto it within thirty days after receipt. The President may also return it with objections, in which case Congress may override the veto by two-thirds vote of each House.

Question 39Philippine Constitution and Legal Framework

A bill is vetoed by the President and returned to Congress. What vote is required in each House to override the veto?

  1. A majority of each House
  2. Three-fourths of each House
  3. Two-thirds of each House Correct answer.
  4. A unanimous vote of each House

Explanation

Article VI, Section 27 allows Congress to reconsider a vetoed bill, and it becomes law if approved by two-thirds of all the Members of each House. The Constitution also requires the yeas and nays to be entered in the journal for that vote.

Question 40Philippine Constitution and Legal Framework

Which body is constitutionally vested with the power to declare a law unconstitutional?

  1. The Commission on Elections
  2. The Senate Committee on Justice
  3. The Office of the President
  4. The Supreme Court Correct answer.

Explanation

Judicial review is exercised by the courts, with the Supreme Court as the final arbiter of constitutional questions. Article VIII defines the judiciary's power to settle actual controversies involving rights that are legally demandable and enforceable.

Question 41Philippine Constitution and Legal Framework

What are the constitutional requirements for a person to be appointed as a Member of the Supreme Court?

  1. Natural-born citizen, at least forty-five years old, and at least twenty years of law practice
  2. Natural-born citizen, at least forty years old, and at least fifteen years of practice or teaching law or public office in the judiciary Correct answer.
  3. Citizen of the Philippines, at least fifty years old, and any amount of legal experience
  4. Natural-born citizen, at least thirty-five years old, and at least ten years of law practice

Explanation

Article VIII, Section 7 requires that Supreme Court Members be natural-born citizens, at least forty years of age, and have at least fifteen years of practice of law, teaching law, or service in a public office requiring admission to the bar. These qualifications aim to ensure competence and independence.

Question 42Philippine Constitution and Legal Framework

A group challenges a government program awarding scholarships only to residents of a single province. Which constitutional argument is most directly implicated?

  1. The equal protection clause Correct answer.
  2. The prohibition against ex post facto laws
  3. The right to a speedy trial
  4. The prohibition against double jeopardy

Explanation

The equal protection clause requires that persons similarly situated be treated alike, and geographic residence can be a suspect classification when it arbitrarily favors one locality. The other guarantees concern criminal procedure and do not address the distribution of benefits.

Question 43Philippine Constitution and Legal Framework

Which Constitutional Commission is mandated to conduct free and open examinations for civil service positions?

  1. The Commission on Elections
  2. The Commission on Human Rights
  3. The Civil Service Commission Correct answer.
  4. The Commission on Audit

Explanation

The Civil Service Commission, as the central personnel agency, is tasked with establishing a career service and promoting morale, efficiency, and integrity in the public service, including competitive examinations. It is one of the three Constitutional Commissions under Article IX.

Question 44Philippine Constitution and Legal Framework

Which of the following is an essential characteristic of a Constitutional Commission under Article IX?

  1. It exercises both legislative and judicial powers
  2. It may be abolished by a simple act of Congress
  3. It is under the control of the Office of the President
  4. It is independent and may be removed only by impeachment Correct answer.

Explanation

Article IX declares the Civil Service Commission, Comelec, and Commission on Audit independent bodies. Their members enjoy security of tenure and can be removed only by impeachment, which protects them from political pressure.

Question 45Philippine Constitution and Legal Framework

Which body is the central personnel agency of the Philippine government?

  1. The National Economic and Development Authority
  2. The Civil Service Commission Correct answer.
  3. The Office of the Ombudsman
  4. The Department of Budget and Management

Explanation

The Civil Service Commission is designated the central personnel agency of the government under Article IX. It establishes the career service, sets standards for merit and fitness, and administers the civil service system.

Question 46Philippine Constitution and Legal Framework

Which of the following is one of the three branches of the Philippine government under the principle of separation of powers?

  1. The Office of the Ombudsman
  2. The Commission on Elections
  3. The legislative branch Correct answer.
  4. The Commission on Human Rights

Explanation

The Philippine government is organized into the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each with distinct powers and checks on the others. The other bodies listed exercise specialized constitutional functions but do not constitute a separate branch.

Question 47Philippine Constitution and Legal Framework

A law is challenged on the ground that it delegates to an administrative agency the power to define the prohibited acts without any standard. Which constitutional doctrine is most relevant?

  1. The non-delegation doctrine Correct answer.
  2. The doctrine of constitutional supremacy
  3. The political question doctrine
  4. The doctrine of state immunity

Explanation

The non-delegation doctrine holds that legislative power may not be delegated to administrative bodies unless the law provides sufficient standards and the delegation is limited to implementation. A statute that leaves the agency with unguided discretion is invalid as an undue delegation.

Question 48Philippine Constitution and Legal Framework

Which constitutional provision establishes the policy that the State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people?

  1. Article VI, Section 15
  2. Article XIV, Section 15
  3. Article II, Section 15 Correct answer.
  4. Article III, Section 15

Explanation

Article II, Section 15 declares that the State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people and instill health consciousness among them. It is a declaration of state policy found in the national principles section.

Question 49Philippine Constitution and Legal Framework

What is the effect of a declaration of martial law under the 1987 Constitution?

  1. It transfers judicial power to the military
  2. It automatically suspends the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus
  3. It authorizes the President to abolish Congress
  4. It does not suspend the operation of the Constitution or the Bill of Rights Correct answer.

Explanation

Article VII, Section 18 states that a declaration of martial law does not suspend the operation of the Constitution, nor the functioning of civil courts and legislative assemblies. It also does not automatically suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus.

Question 50Philippine Constitution and Legal Framework

Under Article VII, what is the maximum number of days within which the President must submit a declaration of martial law to Congress?

  1. Twenty-four hours
  2. Seventy-two hours
  3. Ten days
  4. Forty-eight hours Correct answer.

Explanation

Article VII, Section 18 requires the President to transmit a written proclamation of martial law or suspension of the writ to Congress within forty-eight hours. Congress may then convene and review the declaration, with the power to revoke it.