BSMMU Residency Phase-A flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Brachial plexus cords

The three cords are named by their relation to the second part of the axillary artery: lateral, medial, and posterior. They arise from anterior or posterior divisions of the three trunks.

Erb palsy deformity

Upper brachial plexus injury of C5-C6 causes loss of shoulder abduction and external rotation with elbow flexion, producing the waiter's tip posture.

Frank-Starling relationship

Increasing ventricular end-diastolic volume stretches myocardial fibers and raises stroke volume up to a physiologic optimum. Beyond that point, further stretch reduces effective contraction.

Inulin clearance meaning

Inulin is freely filtered and neither secreted nor reabsorbed, so its clearance equals glomerular filtration rate. Creatinine clearance slightly overestimates GFR due to tubular secretion.

Competitive inhibition kinetics

A competitive inhibitor binds the active site reversibly, raising apparent Km while Vmax stays unchanged because excess substrate overcomes inhibition. Non-competitive inhibition instead lowers Vmax.

Rate-limiting enzyme glycolysis

Phosphofructokinase-1 catalyzes fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and is the committed step. It is activated by AMP and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate and inhibited by ATP and citrate.

STEMI definition

ST-segment elevation in two anatomically contiguous leads, or new left bundle branch block with ischemic symptoms, defines STEMI and prompts urgent reperfusion by primary angioplasty or thrombolysis.

DKA potassium management

In diabetic ketoacidosis, insulin is withheld until serum potassium is at least 3.3 mmol/L. Insulin drives potassium intracellularly, so hypokalemia must be corrected first to avoid arrhythmia.

Hyperkalemia emergency treatment

Intravenous calcium gluconate stabilizes the myocardium first, then insulin with dextrose and inhaled salbutamol shift potassium intracellularly. Dialysis removes potassium in refractory or renal failure cases.

Nephrotic syndrome criteria

Nephrotic syndrome requires proteinuria above 3.5 g per day, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. Minimal change disease is commonest in children; membranous nephropathy in older adults.

Graves disease features

Graves disease is autoimmune hyperthyroidism caused by TSH-receptor stimulating antibodies. It produces diffuse goiter, suppressed TSH, elevated free T4, exophthalmos, and pretibial myxedema.

Anemia by MCV

Microcytic anemia suggests iron deficiency, thalassemia, or chronic disease. Normocytic causes include hemolysis and chronic kidney disease. Macrocytic causes include vitamin B12 and folate deficiency.

Alvarado score components

The Alvarado score grades suspected appendicitis by migration of pain, anorexia, nausea, tenderness in the right iliac fossa, rebound tenderness, fever, and leukocytosis.

Parkland burn formula

Parkland formula gives 4 mL per kg body weight per percent total body surface area of crystalloid in 24 hours. Half is infused in the first 8 hours from burn time.

Indirect versus direct hernia

Indirect inguinal hernia passes lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels through the deep ring, commoner in young patients. Direct hernia passes medial through Hesselbach triangle, commoner in older adults.

Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury

Unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury after thyroidectomy causes hoarseness from vocal cord paresis. Bilateral injury causes stridor and airway obstruction requiring immediate reintubation or tracheostomy.

Naegele rule

Estimated delivery date equals the first day of the last menstrual period plus 7 days, minus 3 months, plus 1 year, assuming a regular 28-day cycle.

Preeclampsia magnesium sulfate

Magnesium sulfate is the drug of choice for preventing and treating eclamptic seizures. Monitor respiratory rate, deep tendon reflexes, and urine output; calcium gluconate reverses toxicity.

Late deceleration meaning

Late decelerations begin after the contraction peak and recover after it ends. They reflect uteroplacental insufficiency and fetal hypoxemia, requiring maternal repositioning, oxygen, and urgent delivery consideration.

Placenta previa presentation

Placenta previa causes painless vaginal bleeding in late pregnancy with a soft, non-tender uterus. Digital vaginal examination is avoided; diagnosis is by transvaginal ultrasound.

APGAR score purpose

APGAR assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration at 1 and 5 minutes. It describes newborn condition but does not determine the need for resuscitation.

Infant weight formula

Expected weight in kilograms for infants aged 3 to 12 months is approximately (age in months plus 9) divided by 2. Birth weight doubles by 5 months and triples by 1 year.

Kawasaki disease treatment

Kawasaki disease is treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and high-dose aspirin to reduce coronary artery aneurysm risk. Fever over 5 days with mucocutaneous features suggests the diagnosis.

Childhood nephrotic syndrome therapy

Prednisolone 60 mg per square meter per day for 4 to 6 weeks, then alternate-day tapering, is standard first-line therapy. Steroid resistance warrants renal biopsy.

Sensitivity and specificity

Sensitivity is true positives divided by all diseased persons; specificity is true negatives divided by all non-diseased persons. Both are intrinsic test properties independent of disease prevalence.

Herd immunity threshold

The herd immunity threshold equals 1 minus 1 divided by the basic reproduction number R0. Higher R0 requires higher vaccination coverage to interrupt transmission chains.

Relative risk versus odds ratio

Relative risk compares incidence between exposed and unexposed groups in cohort studies. Odds ratio approximates relative risk in case-control studies, especially when disease is rare.

Lead time bias

Lead time bias occurs when screening advances diagnosis without prolonging true survival, making screened patients appear to live longer merely because diagnosis occurred earlier.

Rigor mortis timeline

Rigor mortis begins in small muscles within 1 to 2 hours, becomes maximal around 12 hours, and resolves by 24 to 36 hours. Hot ambient temperature accelerates the process.

Organophosphate antidotes

Organophosphate poisoning inhibits acetylcholinesterase, causing cholinergic excess. Atropine reverses muscarinic effects; pralidoxime reactivates the enzyme if given early before aging occurs.

Methanol poisoning features

Methanol toxicity causes metabolic acidosis and visual loss from formic acid accumulation. Fomepizole or ethanol blocks alcohol dehydrogenase; hemodialysis removes methanol and toxic metabolites.

Informed consent elements

Valid informed consent requires patient capacity, adequate disclosure of risks and alternatives, comprehension of information, and voluntary decision-making without coercion. Emergency situations permit treatment without consent.

Declaration of Helsinki scope

The Declaration of Helsinki sets ethical principles for human medical research, including institutional review board approval, informed consent, risk minimization, and equitable subject selection.