Basic Computer Knowledge
Core concepts
The section covers hardware and software basics, operating-system concepts, common office applications, networking fundamentals, and internet safety.
Hardware: distinguish input, output, processing, and storage devices; know that RAM is volatile and ROM is non-volatile; understand the CPU's role as the processing unit. Software: system software (operating systems, utilities) versus application software. Operating systems manage files, memory, and processes. Office applications: word processors for text, spreadsheets for calculation with cell references and formulas, presentations for slides. Networking: understand IP addresses, LAN versus WAN, browsers, URLs, and email structure (local part, @, domain). Security: strong passwords, phishing awareness, malware types, and backups.
Traps
- Confusing RAM with ROM (volatile versus permanent).
- Mistaking storage capacity units - 1 KB = 1024 bytes in binary convention.
- Confusing the browser with the search engine.
- Treating a spreadsheet formula as text; formulas begin with '='.
- Mixing up hardware (physical) with software (programs).
Worked example
Question: Which of the following is volatile memory? Options: hard disk, ROM, RAM, flash drive. RAM loses its contents when power is cut, so it is volatile. Rule of thumb: if the device keeps data after shutdown, it is non-volatile storage; if it only holds data while powered, it is volatile memory.