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Belgian Security Guard General Attest study materials
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Belgian Security Guard General Attest practice questions

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Question 1Legal framework and private security regulation

Which Belgian law forms the core legal framework for private security companies and their personnel?

  1. The Law of 8 December 1992 on the protection of privacy
  2. The Law of 21 March 1991 on the reform of certain public enterprises
  3. The Law of 5 August 1992 on the police function
  4. The Law of 10 April 1990 on private security Correct answer.

Explanation

The Law of 10 April 1990 regulates private security enterprises and their staff, covering guarding, surveillance, and related services. It establishes licensing, training, and conduct rules that every security agent must follow.

Question 2Legal framework and private security regulation

Who is responsible for granting the prior authorization that a private security company needs to operate in Belgium?

  1. The federal Minister of the Interior or the designated federal service Correct answer.
  2. The provincial governor acting alone
  3. The mayor of the municipality where the company is based
  4. The local police chief of the district

Explanation

Authorization to operate a private security company is granted at federal level by the Minister of the Interior or the competent federal administration. This centralizes control over who may offer security services.

Question 3Legal framework and private security regulation

A person wants to work as a security agent. Which document must that individual hold to be deployed lawfully?

  1. A valid driving licence
  2. An identification card issued by the competent federal authority Correct answer.
  3. An identity card issued by the security company
  4. A municipal residence certificate

Explanation

Each security agent must hold an official identification card issued by the competent federal authority, proving the holder is authorized. The card must be carried and shown during duty.

Question 4Legal framework and private security regulation

Which task is legally reserved to police services and therefore cannot be performed by a private security agent?

  1. Controlling access to a shopping centre
  2. Carrying out an identity check with coercive police powers Correct answer.
  3. Writing an internal incident report for the client
  4. Watching over a private car park

Explanation

Coercive identity checks and the use of public authority belong to the police, not to private agents. Security agents may observe and report but cannot exercise police powers.

Question 5Legal framework and private security regulation

What is the general rule on the use of force by a security agent in Belgium?

  1. Force may be used as long as the agent considers it useful
  2. Force may be used freely once the agent has identified a suspect
  3. Force may only be used in strict necessity and proportionally, as with legitimate defence Correct answer.
  4. Force may never be used under any circumstances

Explanation

A security agent has no special power to use force beyond what any citizen may do in legitimate defence. Any intervention must be necessary and proportionate to the threat.

Question 6Legal framework and private security regulation

Which body is competent to handle complaints and disciplinary matters concerning private security agents at federal level?

  1. The justice of the peace
  2. The labour court of the agent's district
  3. The federal service responsible for private security within the Ministry of the Interior Correct answer.
  4. The European Commission

Explanation

The federal administration overseeing private security handles authorization, monitoring, and disciplinary follow-up for the sector. It works under the Minister of the Interior.

Question 7Legal framework and private security regulation

A security company wants to provide mobile surveillance of public roads for a client. What is the correct legal position?

  1. It is freely allowed because the client pays for it
  2. It is allowed only at night
  3. It is prohibited, since surveillance on public roads falls to the police Correct answer.
  4. It is allowed if the agent wears a uniform

Explanation

Patrolling or surveillance on public roads is a police task and is not open to private security firms. Private agents may operate on private property or in specifically authorized settings.

Question 8Legal framework and private security regulation

Which condition is required before a security agent may carry a firearm on duty in Belgium?

  1. A declaration filed after the first armed shift
  2. Approval by the majority of the company's staff
  3. A simple written note from the client
  4. A specific authorization and the conditions set by the law and the federal authority Correct answer.

Explanation

Armed guarding is tightly regulated and requires specific authorization with strict conditions on storage, training, and use. A client's note or staff vote cannot replace that authorization.

Question 9Legal framework and private security regulation

What does the legal requirement of confidentiality mean for a security agent?

  1. The agent may sell information to competitors if not expressly forbidden
  2. The agent must not disclose information learned during work except as required by law Correct answer.
  3. The agent may share client information freely with friends
  4. The agent must publish incident reports online

Explanation

Security agents are bound to professional secrecy regarding facts learned in the exercise of their duties. Disclosure is only permitted where the law requires or allows it.

Question 10Legal framework and private security regulation

A security agent detains a suspected shoplifter. Which principle governs this measure?

  1. The agent may interrogate the person and take a written confession
  2. The agent may only act within citizen's arrest rules and must promptly alert the police Correct answer.
  3. The agent may search the person's home without consent
  4. The agent may hold the person for several days to investigate

Explanation

A private agent may only apply the limited citizen's arrest framework, keeping the person briefly and contacting the police without delay. Interrogation and home searches are police powers.

Question 11Legal framework and private security regulation

Which statement best describes the uniform and appearance rules for security agents?

  1. Agents must wear a recognizable uniform that cannot be confused with a police uniform Correct answer.
  2. Agents may wear police-style badges if the client agrees
  3. Agents must always wear plain clothes to blend in
  4. Agents may wear any clothing that looks intimidating

Explanation

The law requires a distinct, recognizable outfit that avoids confusion with police or public services. Imitating police appearance is prohibited.

Question 12Legal framework and private security regulation

A security firm is asked to guard a site but its authorization covers only event security. What should the firm do?

  1. Accept the assignment and adjust the contract later
  2. Perform the work but without a uniform
  3. Delegate the work to an unauthorized subcontractor
  4. Refuse the assignment because it falls outside the authorized scope Correct answer.

Explanation

A security company may only carry out the activities covered by its authorization. Accepting work outside that scope is unlawful, even if the contract is adjusted later.

Question 13Legal framework and private security regulation

Which data protection rule applies when a security company processes images from its CCTV cameras?

  1. The company must comply with personal data protection law, including purpose and retention limits Correct answer.
  2. No rules apply because the images are for security
  3. The company may publish recordings on social media
  4. The company may keep recordings indefinitely

Explanation

CCTV processing involves personal data and must respect data protection law, including lawful purpose, proportionality, and limited retention. Publishing footage would generally be unlawful.

Question 14Legal framework and private security regulation

What is the legal status of a security agent's powers compared with those of a police officer?

  1. The security agent has no special coercive powers and acts as a private citizen Correct answer.
  2. The security agent may issue official fines for public order offences
  3. The security agent has the same coercive powers as a police officer
  4. The security agent has broader powers because he works for a private client

Explanation

Private security agents do not hold public authority and act within the limits available to any citizen, such as legitimate defence and citizen's arrest. Police powers remain exclusive to the police.

Question 15Legal framework and private security regulation

A company director asks an agent to use a false company name on reports to hide the firm's identity. How should the agent respond?

  1. Comply, because the director is the employer
  2. Comply, but keep a private note of the real name
  3. Refuse only if the police later ask questions
  4. Refuse, because reports must be truthful and identify the authorized company Correct answer.

Explanation

Security agents must produce accurate reports identifying the authorized enterprise, since falsification undermines legal accountability. An employer's instruction cannot justify false documentation.

Question 16Legal framework and private security regulation

Which requirement applies to a security agent's training before being deployed?

  1. The client may waive the training requirement
  2. No training is required if the agent has work experience
  3. The agent may train on the job indefinitely without certification
  4. The agent must complete the legally prescribed basic training and pass the required checks Correct answer.

Explanation

The law requires prescribed basic training and verification of conditions such as good conduct before deployment. Neither experience nor a client's waiver removes this obligation.

Question 17Legal framework and private security regulation

What does the good conduct requirement mean for someone applying to become a security agent?

  1. The applicant must be a member of a union
  2. The applicant must provide a certificate of good conduct and meet the legal conditions Correct answer.
  3. The applicant only needs a reference from a previous employer
  4. The applicant must own property in Belgium

Explanation

Applicants must demonstrate good conduct, typically through an official certificate, and satisfy the legal conditions for the profession. Employer references or union membership do not substitute for this.

Question 18Legal framework and private security regulation

A security agent witnesses an offence and wants to act. Which approach is legally sound?

  1. Ignore the situation because agents have no role at all
  2. Detain the suspect for hours until the client decides
  3. Act as a police investigator and question the suspect at length
  4. Observe, note relevant facts, and contact the police while intervening only within lawful limits Correct answer.

Explanation

The proper role is to observe, record relevant facts, and alert the police, intervening only within citizen's rights such as legitimate defence. Prolonged private detention or investigation exceeds the agent's powers.

Question 19Legal framework and private security regulation

Two security firms operate at the same event; one agent begins directing traffic on a public road. Why is this problematic?

  1. Because directing traffic on public roads belongs to the police and requires public authority Correct answer.
  2. Because traffic direction requires a commercial licence only
  3. Because only the largest firm may direct traffic
  4. Because it is allowed only during daylight

Explanation

Directing traffic on public roads is an exercise of public authority reserved to the police. A private agent may assist within private premises but cannot take over public traffic control.

Question 20Legal framework and private security regulation

A client instructs a security agent to keep a visitor locked in a room until a debt is paid. How should the agent assess this instruction?

  1. It is lawful if the visitor signed a contract
  2. It is lawful if the agent informs the police afterwards
  3. It is lawful if the room is comfortable
  4. It is unlawful because it amounts to deprivation of liberty outside any legal power Correct answer.

Explanation

Depriving a person of liberty to enforce a debt is unlawful detention and cannot be justified by contract or comfort. Only the limited citizen's arrest framework permits brief restraint, and it must be followed by prompt police involvement.

Question 21Legal framework and private security regulation

Which combination best reflects the legal limits on a security agent's use of restraint techniques?

  1. Any technique is allowed if the client trained the agent
  2. Techniques may be used to punish repeat offenders
  3. Techniques must be necessary, proportionate, and within the legally permitted methods Correct answer.
  4. Techniques may be applied until the person confesses

Explanation

Restraint must be necessary and proportionate and limited to legally permitted methods, reflecting the citizen-level powers of private agents. Punishment or coercion to obtain confessions is unlawful.

Question 22Legal framework and private security regulation

A security company stores its agents' identification card data and client files. Which principle governs how long it may keep such records?

  1. Records may be kept forever as company archives
  2. Records may be sold to marketing firms
  3. Records must be deleted the same day they are created
  4. Records must be kept only as long as necessary for the stated purpose, subject to legal retention rules Correct answer.

Explanation

Data protection law requires limiting storage to what is necessary for the purpose, while respecting specific legal retention obligations. Indefinite storage or commercial resale would breach these rules.

Question 23Legal framework and private security regulation

What is the consequence for a security company that operates without the required authorization?

  1. It faces legal sanctions, including criminal penalties and loss of the right to operate Correct answer.
  2. It is automatically granted authorization retroactively
  3. It receives a warning with no further effect
  4. It may continue if clients are satisfied

Explanation

Operating without authorization is an offence under the private security law and can lead to criminal sanctions and closure. Client satisfaction does not legalize unauthorized activity.

Question 24Legal framework and private security regulation

Which statement correctly describes the scope of the Law of 10 April 1990 regarding private security services?

  1. It regulates only the sale of alarm systems
  2. It applies only to banks
  3. It applies only to public buildings
  4. It regulates guarding, surveillance, and related private security services and their personnel Correct answer.

Explanation

The law covers private security enterprises and agents across guarding, surveillance, and related services. It is not restricted to one sector such as banking or public buildings.

Question 25Legal framework and private security regulation

An agent is asked to use a police-style cap and badge to appear more authoritative. What is the correct response?

  1. Refuse, because imitating police appearance is prohibited Correct answer.
  2. Accept, since authority helps deter crime
  3. Refuse only if a police officer is present
  4. Accept, but only at night

Explanation

Security agents must remain clearly distinguishable from police and may not adopt police-style insignia that create confusion. Deterrence value does not justify unlawful imitation.

Question 26Legal framework and private security regulation

Under Belgian private security law, which authority is responsible for granting the prior authorization that a security company needs before it can start operating?

  1. The labour auditor of the company's joint committee
  2. The local police chief of the district where the head office is located
  3. The Federal Public Service Interior, acting through the competent minister Correct answer.
  4. The mayor of each municipality where guards are deployed

Explanation

Private security companies in Belgium must obtain prior authorization from the federal authority, which is the Federal Public Service Interior acting under the competent minister. The authorization is granted after a screening of the company and its managers, and it defines the activities the firm may carry out. Local police and mayors have operational roles but do not issue the company authorization.

Question 27Legal framework and private security regulation

A security agent is hired to work at a festival. Which document must the agent always be able to show when carrying out guarding duties?

  1. A certificate of good conduct issued by the police
  2. The company's commercial register extract
  3. The agent's identification card issued under the private security regime Correct answer.
  4. A copy of the client's insurance policy

Explanation

Every security agent must hold an identification card issued under the private security legislation and must be able to present it during duty. This card proves that the person is authorized and has met the conditions, including screening and training. Other company or client documents are not the agent's personal proof of authorization.

Question 28Legal framework and private security regulation

A security company is asked to guard a nuclear power plant site. Which statement best reflects the legal position on this assignment?

  1. It is allowed provided the guards wear a different uniform colour
  2. Any authorized guarding firm may accept it if the client signs a liability waiver
  3. It is allowed only if the guards are former police officers
  4. The assignment falls outside ordinary private guarding and requires specific legal arrangements Correct answer.

Explanation

Certain sensitive sites, such as nuclear installations, are subject to specific rules and are not ordinary private guarding assignments. The Law of 10 April 1990 and its implementing rules exclude or specially regulate particular sectors and activities. A firm must therefore check whether the assignment is legally permitted before accepting it.

Question 29Legal framework and private security regulation

A security agent's authorization lapses because the required periodic training was not completed. What is the correct consequence for the agent's deployment?

  1. The agent may work only at night shifts
  2. The agent may work only under a police officer's supervision
  3. The agent may keep working while the training is scheduled
  4. The agent may not be deployed until the condition is met again Correct answer.

Explanation

The authorization to act as a security agent is conditional, and failing to satisfy the ongoing requirements, including periodic training, means the agent can no longer lawfully perform guarding duties. The firm must keep the agent off duty until the condition is restored. Deploying the agent anyway exposes both the agent and the company to sanctions.

Question 30Legal framework and private security regulation

A security firm wants to expand from guarding buildings into installing and monitoring alarm systems for private clients. How should the firm assess this step under the private security legislation?

  1. It is unregulated and needs no authorization at all
  2. It requires a separate authorization because alarm services form a distinct regulated activity Correct answer.
  3. It is allowed if the firm subcontracts the work to a locksmith
  4. It is automatically covered by the existing guarding authorization

Explanation

The Law of 10 April 1990 regulates several distinct private security activities, including guarding, surveillance and alarm-system services, and each activity requires the appropriate authorization. A firm authorized only for guarding cannot simply extend into alarm installation and monitoring. It must obtain the specific authorization for that activity before offering it.

Question 31Deontology, ethics and professional conduct

Which document sets out the core principles of professional ethics that a Belgian security guard must respect in dealings with the public?

  1. The Belgian Penal Code alone
  2. The internal rules of procedure of the employer
  3. The European Convention on Human Rights alone
  4. The law of 2 October 2017 regulating private security Correct answer.

Explanation

The law of 2 October 2017 regulating private security, together with its implementing decrees, establishes the deontological framework for security guards, including respect for persons, proportionality and confidentiality. It is the primary reference a guard must apply in daily conduct.

Question 32Deontology, ethics and professional conduct

A guard notices a colleague repeatedly using insulting language toward visitors. According to professional ethics, what is the most appropriate first response?

  1. Join in so the colleague does not feel singled out
  2. Publicly humiliate the colleague in front of visitors
  3. Ignore it because it is not his own behaviour
  4. Report the conduct through the proper internal channel Correct answer.

Explanation

Professional ethics require a guard to uphold the dignity of the service and to report misconduct through the appropriate hierarchical or internal channel. This protects the public and the reputation of the profession without creating disorder on site.

Question 33Deontology, ethics and professional conduct

What does the principle of proportionality require when a guard intervenes against a person?

  1. Applying identical measures in every situation
  2. Using the strongest possible means to deter others
  3. Choosing measures suited to the situation and no more restrictive than necessary Correct answer.
  4. Always calling the police before any verbal contact

Explanation

Proportionality means the response must be adapted to the seriousness of the situation and must not exceed what is necessary to achieve the legitimate aim. Excessive force is unlawful even when the initial aim was legitimate.

Question 34Deontology, ethics and professional conduct

A guard is asked by a journalist to reveal which persons were removed from a shopping centre yesterday. What is the correct professional attitude?

  1. Refuse to disclose personal data and refer the request to the responsible person Correct answer.
  2. Provide names because the press has a right to information
  3. Give only the ages and nationalities of those involved
  4. Describe the incidents in detail without names

Explanation

Guards are bound by professional confidentiality and by data protection rules, so they cannot communicate personal data to third parties, including journalists. Requests must be routed to the person designated by the employer to handle them.

Question 35Deontology, ethics and professional conduct

What is the meaning of the duty of discretion for a security guard?

  1. Keeping operational and personal information learned at work confidential Correct answer.
  2. Refusing to answer a police officer's questions
  3. Never speaking to anyone while on duty
  4. Avoiding all contact with the public

Explanation

Discretion means that information obtained in the exercise of the function, whether about persons or about the employer's security arrangements, must not be disclosed to unauthorised persons. It does not prohibit normal communication or cooperation with lawful authorities.

Question 36Deontology, ethics and professional conduct

Which attitude best reflects the ethical requirement of neutrality for a security guard?

  1. Favouring regular clients over occasional visitors
  2. Treating all persons equally regardless of origin, religion or appearance Correct answer.
  3. Applying stricter checks to persons of foreign appearance
  4. Letting personal sympathies guide access decisions

Explanation

Neutrality and non-discrimination require that decisions be based on objective, job-related criteria and never on personal characteristics such as origin, religion or appearance. This is both an ethical duty and a legal obligation.

Question 37Deontology, ethics and professional conduct

During an evacuation drill, a guard sees a visitor who refuses to leave a restricted area. Which approach best combines professional ethics and effectiveness?

  1. Leave the visitor alone and continue the drill
  2. Physically drag the visitor out immediately
  3. Explain calmly the safety reason and guide the visitor out, escalating only if necessary Correct answer.
  4. Threaten the visitor with arrest to obtain compliance

Explanation

Ethical intervention starts with clear communication and an explanation of the legitimate safety reason, using force only as a last resort and in proportion. This respects the person while achieving the safety objective.

Question 38Deontology, ethics and professional conduct

A guard is offered money by a delivery driver to skip a mandatory vehicle inspection. What is the ethically correct response?

  1. Refuse the money but let the vehicle pass without inspection
  2. Refuse the offer and carry out the full inspection Correct answer.
  3. Accept the money but record the inspection as complete
  4. Accept the money and perform a quick visual check

Explanation

Accepting any advantage in exchange for a professional decision is corruption and breaches integrity. The guard must refuse and still apply the required procedure without exception.

Question 39Deontology, ethics and professional conduct

A guard recognises a person entering the site as a personal acquaintance involved in a dispute with his family. What is the most professional course of action?

  1. Ask a colleague to handle the matter and inform the supervisor of the conflict of interest Correct answer.
  2. Search the person more thoroughly than others
  3. Handle the person's access personally to show authority
  4. Refuse entry without any objective reason

Explanation

A conflict of interest must be declared and avoided so that decisions remain objective and fair. Transferring the matter and informing the supervisor protects both the public and the guard's impartiality.

Question 40Deontology, ethics and professional conduct

A person stopped by a guard asks under what authority the guard is acting. What is the ethically and legally appropriate reply?

  1. Say that guards have the same powers as police officers
  2. Invent a legal article to impress the person
  3. State the legal basis and the reason for the intervention in clear terms Correct answer.
  4. Refuse to give any explanation until the police arrive

Explanation

Transparency requires a guard to explain, in understandable terms, the legal basis and the factual reason for an intervention. This respects the person's dignity and supports a relationship of trust.

Question 41Deontology, ethics and professional conduct

How should a guard handle a complaint from a visitor about the guard's own behaviour during an incident?

  1. Argue until the visitor admits being wrong
  2. Promise disciplinary action against a colleague to calm the visitor
  3. Dismiss the complaint and forbid the visitor from returning
  4. Listen respectfully, note the complaint and forward it through the proper channel Correct answer.

Explanation

Ethical conduct requires listening to complaints, recording them accurately and transmitting them to the competent authority. The guard must not act as judge in his own case or make promises outside his authority.

Question 42Deontology, ethics and professional conduct

What is the correct ethical stance for a guard regarding the use of social media about work?

  1. Posting photos of incidents to warn the public
  2. Creating anonymous accounts to comment on ongoing cases
  3. Sharing details of security systems to help colleagues
  4. Refraining from publishing information that identifies persons or reveals security measures Correct answer.

Explanation

Confidentiality and discretion extend to online behaviour, so guards must not publish personal data or security-sensitive information. Even anonymous posting does not remove the professional duty of discretion.

Question 43Deontology, ethics and professional conduct

A guard witnesses a colleague accepting a gift from a contractor bidding for on-site work. What is the appropriate professional reaction?

  1. Ask the colleague to share the gift
  2. Say nothing because gifts are a private matter
  3. Publicly accuse the colleague during the shift briefing
  4. Report the situation through the internal channel because it may create a conflict of interest Correct answer.

Explanation

Gifts from parties with an interest in the guard's decisions can compromise integrity and must be reported so the employer can assess the situation. Reporting through proper channels protects everyone involved.

Question 44Deontology, ethics and professional conduct

Which behaviour best illustrates the ethical duty of care toward vulnerable persons on a site?

  1. Treating a disoriented elderly visitor with patience and staying until a responsible adult is found Correct answer.
  2. Sending the disoriented visitor out of the building to avoid responsibility
  3. Ignoring the visitor because security is not a social service
  4. Handling the visitor roughly to speed up the process

Explanation

The duty of care requires special attention and humane treatment for persons who are vulnerable or disoriented. Patience and ensuring the person's safety reflect the profession's ethical standards.

Question 45Deontology, ethics and professional conduct

A guard is asked by his supervisor to write a report that omits a colleague's excessive use of force. How should the guard respond ethically?

  1. Write two versions, one true and one for the supervisor
  2. Comply because the supervisor is responsible
  3. Refuse to write any report at all
  4. Write a truthful report and raise the omission through the appropriate channel Correct answer.

Explanation

Reports must be truthful and complete, and the guard has a duty to report excessive force. Hierarchical instructions cannot justify falsifying an official document.

Question 46Deontology, ethics and professional conduct

A guard must search a visitor's bag under the site's access policy. Which conduct best respects both security needs and the person's dignity?

  1. Search the bag discreetly, explain the reason and ask for cooperation first Correct answer.
  2. Empty the bag onto the floor in front of other visitors
  3. Search without saying anything to the visitor
  4. Search only visitors who look suspicious

Explanation

A lawful search must be conducted with respect for dignity, explained beforehand and limited to what the policy requires. Discretion and cooperation preserve both security and the person's rights.

Question 47Deontology, ethics and professional conduct

A guard faces a situation where following a site rule strictly would cause a clearly disproportionate harm to a visitor. What does ethical reasoning suggest?

  1. Ask the visitor to sign a waiver of responsibility
  2. Ignore all rules whenever harm seems possible
  3. Apply the rule mechanically regardless of consequences
  4. Apply the rule's purpose with the least harmful means and report the situation Correct answer.

Explanation

Rules serve legitimate purposes, and ethical application requires seeking the least harmful means while respecting that purpose. The situation should then be reported so the rule can be reviewed if necessary.

Question 48Deontology, ethics and professional conduct

A guard is asked by police to hand over CCTV footage of an incident. What is the most appropriate professional response?

  1. Delete the footage to protect the persons filmed
  2. Verify the request through the employer's designated procedure before any transfer Correct answer.
  3. Hand over the footage immediately and personally to any officer who asks
  4. Refuse because footage is always confidential

Explanation

Cooperation with lawful authorities must follow the employer's designated procedure, which ensures the request is legitimate and properly recorded. The guard cannot decide alone to transfer or destroy protected data.

Question 49Deontology, ethics and professional conduct

A guard notices that a colleague has been drinking alcohol before a night shift. What is the most ethically sound action?

  1. Tell other colleagues but not the supervisor
  2. Wait to see whether anything goes wrong
  3. Cover for the colleague to preserve team spirit
  4. Report the situation to the supervisor so the colleague is removed from duty Correct answer.

Explanation

A guard unfit for duty endangers the public and colleagues, so the situation must be reported promptly to the responsible person. Loyalty to a colleague cannot justify concealing a serious safety and conduct risk.

Question 50Deontology, ethics and professional conduct

Which statement best describes the relationship between professional ethics and the use of force by a security guard?

  1. Ethics permits any force if the guard's intention is good
  2. Ethics only concerns politeness and has no link to the use of force
  3. Ethics requires that force be lawful, necessary, proportionate and a last resort Correct answer.
  4. Ethics applies only when a superior is watching

Explanation

The ethical framework governs the use of force by requiring a legal basis, necessity, proportionality and the exhaustion of less restrictive means. Good intentions alone cannot justify excessive or unlawful force.