Bulgaria Theory Test E key terms

The legal entitlement of one road user to proceed before another at a junction, crossing or narrow passage. It is granted by signs, markings, signals or the general rules and must be given, not taken.

An octagonal red sign requiring a complete stop at the marked line before entering the junction. The driver must yield to all traffic on the priority road and proceed only when it is safe.

A police officer or authorised person directing traffic by arm and body signals. Their instructions override traffic lights, road signs and markings, so drivers must obey them immediately even if a signal shows otherwise.

An illuminated signal controlling traffic at junctions, crossings or roadworks. A flashing yellow warns of an unguarded crossing or hazard, and a green arrow applies only to the direction it indicates.

Lines, arrows and symbols painted on the road surface that guide and restrict traffic. A continuous line may not be crossed, while a broken line may be crossed when overtaking or turning is safe and permitted.

A longitudinal strip of carriageway marked for a single line of vehicles. Drivers keep within their lane, use the rightmost lane normally, and change lanes only after checking mirrors and signalling.

Passing a slower vehicle travelling in the same direction. It is permitted only when visibility is clear, the lane ahead is free, no sign forbids it, and the manoeuvre can be completed without endangering others.

The gap kept behind the vehicle ahead so that a stop is possible if it brakes suddenly. It grows with speed, poor visibility, wet or icy surfaces and a heavily loaded or towing vehicle.

The distance a vehicle covers from the moment the brakes are applied until it stops. It increases with the square of speed and is much longer on wet, icy or gravel surfaces.

Loss of tyre contact with the road when a layer of water builds under the tread. Steering and braking become ineffective, so the driver should ease off the accelerator and avoid sudden inputs until grip returns.

The coupling fitted to a vehicle for attaching a trailer. It must be type-approved, securely mounted, free of cracks or excessive wear, and matched to the trailer's drawbar and permitted load.

An unpowered vehicle towed behind another. It must be registered where required, carry lights and a rear plate, and its load must be secured so that it cannot shift or fall onto the road.

The maximum mass a vehicle is approved to tow, stated in its registration documents. Exceeding it overloads the clutch, brakes and chassis and is both unsafe and an offence.

The downward force a trailer's coupling exerts on the towing vehicle's hitch. It must fall within the manufacturer's range: too little causes swaying, too much overloads the rear axle and steering.

Side-to-side oscillation of a towed trailer, often triggered by crosswinds, passing lorries or uneven loading. The driver should ease off the accelerator and avoid harsh braking or steering to regain stability.

A reflective triangle placed on the road to warn approaching traffic of a stopped or broken-down vehicle. It is set behind the vehicle at a distance that gives others time to react safely.

A high-visibility garment worn when leaving a vehicle stopped on the carriageway or shoulder. It makes the person visible to other drivers in poor light and is part of the mandatory safety equipment.

Immediate care given to an injured person before professional help arrives. It includes making the scene safe, checking response and breathing, controlling bleeding and calling the emergency services.

Assisted ventilation given to a person who is not breathing normally. It is combined with chest compressions in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and continued until the person recovers or medics take over.

An assessment of whether an injured person is awake, responds to voice or pain, or is unresponsive. It guides first-aid priorities and is reported to the emergency dispatcher when calling for help.

Loss of blood from a wound. Severe bleeding is controlled by firm direct pressure on the wound, ideally with a clean dressing, while keeping the casualty warm and calling for medical help.

A dangerous fall in blood pressure after injury or blood loss, marked by pale clammy skin, rapid pulse and confusion. The casualty is kept lying down and warm and must not be given food or drink.

The thickness of rubber remaining on a tyre's tread pattern. Insufficient depth reduces grip and water clearance, so tyres must be replaced before they fall below the legal minimum.

The inflation level of a tyre, checked when cold against the manufacturer's figures. Wrong pressure harms grip, fuel use and tyre life, and pressure should be raised for heavy loads or towing.

The hydraulic medium that transmits pedal force to the brakes. It absorbs moisture over time, lowering its boiling point, so it is replaced at the interval set by the manufacturer and checked for level.

An electronic system that prevents the wheels from locking during hard braking, preserving steering control. On a firm dry surface the driver should press the pedal fully and keep it pressed.

The official document authorising a person to drive specified categories of vehicle. Driving without a valid licence for the category, or while disqualified, carries heavy penalties.

The document recording a vehicle's identity, owner and technical data, carried when driving. Its details must match the vehicle, and changes of ownership or address must be recorded officially.

Insurance required by law that covers damage a driver causes to other people and their property. Driving without it is an offence and can leave the driver personally liable for large claims.

The scheduled safety and emissions check a vehicle must pass to remain roadworthy. A valid certificate is required to drive, and defects found must be repaired before the vehicle may be used.

The concentration of alcohol in a person's blood, expressed in grams per litre. It rises with each drink and slows reactions and judgement, and driving above the permitted limit is punished severely.

The delay between noticing a hazard and acting on it, typically around one second. It lengthens with tiredness, alcohol, distraction and illness, adding distance travelled before braking begins.

A driving style that cuts fuel use and emissions by accelerating smoothly, shifting up early, anticipating traffic and avoiding unnecessary idling. It also reduces wear and improves safety.

The main greenhouse gas produced by burning fuel in an engine. Emissions per kilometre fall with efficient driving, correct tyre pressure, low unnecessary load and regular maintenance.

An exhaust component that converts harmful gases into less harmful ones. It works only when hot and is damaged by misfires or leaded fuel, so engine faults should be fixed promptly.

A service that recovers broken-down or accident-damaged vehicles. Before it arrives the driver should move the vehicle off the carriageway where possible, switch on hazard lights and set out a warning triangle.

A marked section of road where pedestrians have priority once they have stepped onto it or clearly intend to cross. Drivers must slow down and stop, and must never overtake a vehicle stopped at one.

A place where the road crosses railway tracks. Drivers approach with care, obey lights, barriers and signs, never stop on the tracks, and never attempt to pass when a train is approaching.

The maximum permitted speed on a road, set by law and shown by signs. It applies in good conditions, and drivers must go slower when visibility, weather, traffic or road state require it.