Bulgaria DZI German key terms

A planned aim or purpose behind an action or statement. In exam tasks you often identify a speaker's intention, such as informing, warning, or persuading.

A personal view or belief about something, not necessarily a proven fact. Listening and reading tasks ask you to distinguish the speaker's opinion from neutral information.

The reason or justification given for a statement, decision, or opinion. Tasks often require matching a claim with the supporting reason the speaker provides.

The cause or reason why something happens or why someone acts in a certain way. Questions frequently ask why a person chose a particular option.

A result or consequence that comes from an action or event. Listening texts often describe cause-and-effect chains you must order or interpret correctly.

A public or formal statement that something will happen, such as a change, event, or delay. Announcements appear in listening tasks set in stations, shops, or offices.

A short spoken announcement broadcast over a loudspeaker, for example at a train station or airport. You listen for key details like platform, time, or gate.

A spoken message delivered to an audience, often recorded, giving instructions or information. Common in phone menus and public transport contexts.

An instruction telling someone what to do or how to do it. In listening tasks you must identify the required action, such as pressing a button or changing lines.

A piece of work or duty someone is expected to complete, or a task set in an exam. In listening texts people often describe their responsibilities at work or school.

The duty to take care of something or someone and accept the results of your decisions. Texts often contrast who is responsible for a problem or project.

The reason something exists or is done; its intended use or goal. Reading tasks may ask what purpose a text, notice, or advertisement serves.

An aim or outcome someone wants to reach. In reading and listening texts, identifying the goal helps you understand motivation and evaluate proposals.

The central message or most important point of a text, as opposed to supporting details. Many reading questions ask you to select the statement that best summarizes it.

A short restatement of the main points of a text without added opinion. Tasks may ask you to choose the best summary or to write one yourself.

A small specific piece of information within a text, such as a number, name, or date. Detail questions require careful scanning rather than overall understanding.

A particular passage or sentence within a text. Some tasks ask you to locate the exact place that supports a given statement or answer.

A group of sentences forming one unit of a written text, separated by a line break. Paragraph structure helps you locate information quickly during reading.

The title printed above a text, often hinting at its topic or purpose. Headlines in notices and articles help you predict content before detailed reading.

A short advertisement or public notice, for example offering a flat, a job, or a service. Reading tasks often require matching a person's needs to the right advertisement.

A small advertisement placed in a newspaper or online platform, commonly for housing, jobs, or second-hand goods. You compare details such as price, location, and conditions.

A job advertisement describing a vacant position, required qualifications, and how to apply. Tasks ask whether an applicant's profile matches the listed requirements.

The formal process and documents used to apply for a job, including a letter and CV. Reading texts may describe application steps, deadlines, or expectations.

A structured summary of a person's education, work history, and skills, used when applying for a position. Often mentioned alongside cover letters in application texts.

The training, experience, or skills that make someone suitable for a job or course. Matching qualifications to requirements is a frequent reading task.

A condition that must be met before something is possible, such as an age limit or language level. Notices and regulations often list these conditions explicitly.

A rule or circumstance that must apply for an offer, contract, or agreement to be valid. Reading tasks test whether you notice restrictions like deadlines or minimum purchases.

A fixed period of time within which something must be done, such as an application or payment deadline. Missing or misreading a deadline is a common trap in reading tasks.

An arranged date and time for an appointment or event. Listening and reading texts often require noting when something takes place or rescheduling it.

An arrangement to meet someone at a particular time and place. Dialogues frequently involve changing, confirming, or cancelling such arrangements.

A delay causing someone or something to arrive later than planned. Transport announcements and apologies in dialogues commonly mention delays and their causes.

A connecting transport service, such as a train or bus you change to. Listening tasks often ask whether a connection can still be reached after a delay.

The raised platform at a station where passengers board and leave trains. Announcements give platform numbers that you must record accurately.

A word that joins clauses or words, such as weil, obwohl, oder dass. Correct word order after subordinating conjunctions is a frequent grammar test point.

A subordinate clause that cannot stand alone and typically sends its conjugated verb to the end. Recognizing clause type helps you build correct complex sentences.

The order of words in a sentence, especially the position of the verb. German main clauses place the verb second, while subordinate clauses place it last.

A verb construction focusing on the action or result rather than who performs it, formed with werden plus the past participle. Common in formal notices and instructions.

A verb form used in compound tenses, passive constructions, or as an adjective, such as gemacht or lesend. Choosing the correct participle is essential for perfect tenses.

A verb mood used for hypothetical situations, polite requests, and reported speech, for example würde kommen or er sei. Formal texts often use it to report statements neutrally.

Reporting what someone said without quoting them directly, often using Konjunktiv I in German. News and formal reports rely on it to distance the writer from the claim.