Bahrain NHRA Physiotherapist flashcards
Bahrain NHRA Physiotherapist · Build recall with a focused review session.
33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Informed consent elements
- Valid consent requires the patient to have capacity, receive adequate information about risks and alternatives, and give consent voluntarily. Refusal must be documented and respected.
- SOAP note structure
- Subjective covers the patient's report, Objective covers measurable findings, Assessment states clinical interpretation, and Plan lists interventions and review. Each entry is dated and signed.
- Minimal detectable change
- The smallest change in score that exceeds measurement error with a stated confidence level. It is a statistical property of the measure, not the patient's perceived benefit.
- Standard precautions
- Infection control measures applied to all patients regardless of diagnosis: hand hygiene, gloves, gowns, eye protection, and safe handling of sharps and body fluids.
- Evidence hierarchy levels
- Systematic reviews and randomised controlled trials provide the strongest evidence for intervention questions. Cohort, case-control, case series, and expert opinion rank progressively lower.
- Mandatory adverse event reporting
- Clinicians must report adverse events and near misses through the licensed facility's incident system as soon as practicable, then document the report in the patient record.
- Ottawa Ankle Rules
- Ankle X-ray is indicated when there is malleolar pain plus bone tenderness at the posterior malleolus or navicular, or inability to bear weight four steps.
- Lachman test
- An anterior cruciate ligament test performed with the knee at about 20-30 degrees of flexion, pulling the tibia anteriorly. It has the highest sensitivity of the ACL tests.
- Cervical radiculopathy red flags
- Progressive motor weakness, gait disturbance, bowel or bladder dysfunction, and bilateral symptoms suggest serious pathology and require urgent medical referral before any manual therapy.
- Lateral epicondylalgia mechanism
- A degenerative tendinopathy of the common extensor origin, not acute inflammation. Resisted wrist extension reproduces pain, and progressive loading is the mainstay of management.
- Fracture healing phases
- Inflammation occurs within days, repair and soft callus form over weeks, and remodelling continues for months. Loading progression must match the stage and surgical instructions.
- Ottawa Knee Rules
- Knee X-ray is indicated for acute injury with age 55 or over, isolated patellar tenderness, fibular head tenderness, inability to flex to 90 degrees, or inability to bear weight four steps.
- Osteoarthritis core management
- Exercise, weight management, education, and self-management form the core treatment. Intra-articular corticosteroid gives short-term relief only and does not replace activity.
- Upper versus lower motor neuron
- Upper motor neuron lesions cause hyperreflexia, spasticity, clonus, and a positive Babinski sign. Lower motor neuron lesions cause atrophy, fasciculation, hypotonia, and areflexia.
- Glasgow Coma Scale
- Eye opening scores 1-4, verbal response 1-5, and motor response 1-6, giving a total of 3-15. A score of 8 or less indicates severe impairment.
- Berg Balance Scale
- Fourteen items scored 0-4 with a maximum of 56. Scores of 41-56 indicate low fall risk, 21-40 medium risk, and 0-20 high risk.
- Modified Ashworth Scale
- Grades resistance to passive movement from 0 (no increase) to 4 (rigid limb). Grade 1+ indicates a catch followed by minimal resistance through less than half the range.
- Stroke thrombolysis window
- Intravenous thrombolysis is generally given within 4.5 hours of symptom onset. Thrombectomy may be offered up to 24 hours in selected patients with salvageable tissue on imaging.
- Neuroplasticity principle
- Cortical reorganisation is experience-dependent. Repetitive, task-specific, and salient practice drives adaptive change, while non-use produces maladaptive reorganisation and worse function.
- Parkinson's cardinal features
- Bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, and postural instability define Parkinson's disease. Cueing and dual-task training target festination and freezing of gait.
- Community ambulation threshold
- Gait speed measured by the 10-metre walk test below 0.8 m/s is associated with limited community ambulation and a higher risk of falls.
- Normal adult resting values
- Respiratory rate is 12-20 breaths per minute, tidal volume about 500 mL, and arterial oxygen saturation 94-100% on room air at sea level.
- Six-minute walk test
- A functional exercise capacity test measuring the greatest distance walked in six minutes. A distance under 300 m predicts increased mortality risk in chronic respiratory disease.
- Borg scale moderate intensity
- The 6-20 perceived exertion scale rates breathlessness and effort. A rating of 12-14 corresponds to moderate intensity and is a common target in pulmonary rehabilitation.
- Pursed-lip breathing
- A technique that prolongs expiration and reduces dynamic hyperinflation in obstructive disease. It is indicated when the patient reports breathlessness during exertion.
- Active cycle of breathing
- A secretion clearance technique combining breathing control, thoracic expansion exercises, and the forced expiration technique. It mobilises secretions with less fatigue than continuous coughing.
- Postural drainage contraindications
- Uncontrolled hypertension, recent haemoptysis, raised intracranial pressure, and unstable cardiovascular status contraindicate head-down positioning for airway clearance.
- Orthostatic hypotension criteria
- A fall in systolic pressure of 20 mmHg or more, or diastolic of 10 mmHg or more, within three minutes of standing. It warrants a modified mobilisation and hydration plan.
- Heart rate reserve formula
- Target heart rate equals resting heart rate plus the intensity fraction multiplied by the difference between maximal and resting heart rate. Used to prescribe cardiac rehabilitation exercise.
- Incentive spirometry mechanism
- The device encourages sustained maximal inspiration to prevent post-operative atelectasis. The therapeutic mechanism is the deep breath itself, not the device or the visual feedback.
- Cardiac rehabilitation benefit
- Structured exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction improves functional capacity and reduces mortality and rehospitalisation when started after clinical stabilisation.
- Tidal volume definition
- The volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during one normal quiet breath. In healthy adults it is approximately 500 mL, or about 7 mL per kilogram.
- Respiratory rate normal range
- The number of breaths per minute at rest. In healthy adults it is 12-20; a rate above 20 at rest suggests respiratory distress or metabolic acidosis.