BOCP flashcards
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32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Vogt striae
- Fine vertical folds in the deep corneal stroma seen in keratoconus that disappear when the globe is gently pressed, distinguishing them from scarring.
- Shafer sign
- Pigment cells in the anterior vitreous seen in retinal detachment, sometimes described as tobacco dust, suggesting a retinal tear.
- Spherical equivalent formula
- Sphere power plus half of the cylinder power. It estimates the single spherical lens that focuses light similarly to a spherocylindrical correction.
- Prentice rule
- Prism diopters equal decentration in centimeters multiplied by lens power in diopters. It predicts induced prism from off-center lens placement.
- Minimum blank size
- Frame PD difference plus effective diameter plus 2 mm. Frame PD equals the A dimension plus the bridge width.
- Vertex distance conversion
- New power equals old power divided by one minus the change in vertex distance in meters times old power. The effect is largest with high plus lenses.
- Apical bearing pattern
- Fluorescein pooling at the lens edge with central touch indicates a rigid lens that is too flat and needs a steeper base curve.
- Sagittal depth
- The height of the corneal surface beneath a rigid lens. Larger diameter and steeper base curve both increase sagittal depth and tighten the fit.
- Orthokeratology mechanism
- Reverse-geometry rigid lenses worn overnight flatten the central corneal epithelium and steepen the mid-periphery, temporarily reducing myopia.
- Giant papillary conjunctivitis
- An allergic-type reaction of the upper tarsal conjunctiva with large papillae, linked to protein deposits, lens friction, and infrequent lens replacement.
- Prostaglandin analog action
- Agents such as latanoprost increase uveoscleral outflow, lowering intraocular pressure by roughly 25 to 33 percent, the most of any topical class.
- Timolol contraindications
- Nonselective beta-blockers reduce aqueous production but are avoided in asthma and in second-degree or worse heart block.
- Atropine for myopia
- Low-dose atropine, often 0.01 percent, slows axial elongation in children while reducing side effects such as photophobia and near blur.
- Cycloplegic versus mydriatic
- Mydriatics such as tropicamide and phenylephrine dilate the pupil; cycloplegics such as cyclopentolate also paralyze the ciliary muscle.
- Malignant hypertension signs
- Grade III or IV hypertensive retinopathy with hemorrhages, cotton-wool spots, or papilledema signals a medical emergency requiring urgent referral.
- Ectopia lentis in Marfan
- Lens subluxation that is typically bilateral and superotemporal. In homocystinuria, subluxation is more often inferonasal.
- Giant cell arteritis clues
- Age over 50 with headache, jaw claudication, and elevated ESR or CRP raises risk of arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and warrants urgent steroids.
- Sea-fan neovascularization
- Proliferative sickle cell retinopathy lesion at the peripheral retina, formed from neovascular fronds that can bleed into the vitreous.
- Swinging flashlight test
- Alternating light between eyes reveals a relative afferent pupillary defect when the affected pupil dilates rather than constricts.
- AC/A ratio formula
- Near deviation minus distance deviation, divided by the near fixation distance in diopters. It quantifies accommodative convergence per unit of accommodation.
- Convergence insufficiency
- Reduced near point of convergence with near exophoria exceeding distance exophoria and reduced positive fusional vergence, often causing near asthenopia.
- Cranial nerve IV palsy
- Vertical diplopia worst in contralateral gaze and on head tilt toward the unaffected side, caused by superior oblique weakness.
- ISNT rule
- In a normal optic disc the neuroretinal rim is thickest inferiorly, then superiorly, nasally, and temporally; violation suggests glaucoma.
- Gonioscopy landmarks
- Structures seen from anterior to posterior: Schwalbe line, trabecular meshwork, scleral spur, and ciliary body band, used to grade angle width.
- Nasal step field defect
- A glaucomatous visual field defect that respects the horizontal midline, typically caused by damage at the superior or inferior temporal disc rim.
- Target intraocular pressure
- An individualized pressure goal, often a 20 to 30 percent reduction from baseline, adjusted according to progression and risk factors.
- Leukocoria
- A white pupillary reflex in a child. It requires urgent evaluation for retinoblastoma, congenital cataract, and other serious intraocular disease.
- Infantile esotropia
- Esotropia appearing before six months of age, often with cross-fixation and a large angle, requiring prompt pediatric eye evaluation.
- Preschool acuity norms
- Expected visual acuity is about 20/40 at age three, 20/30 at age four, and 20/20 at age five, with binocular testing preferred.
- Legal blindness criteria
- Best-corrected acuity of 20/200 or worse in the better eye, or a visual field of 20 degrees or less in its widest meridian.
- Magnification calculation
- Required magnification equals the desired acuity denominator divided by the present acuity denominator, so 20/200 to 20/40 needs five times.
- Preferred retinal locus
- A nonfoveal retinal area used for fixation after central vision loss, which can be trained through eccentric viewing rehabilitation.