UNICAMP Vestibular key terms

The presence of one text inside another through quotation, allusion, parody, or adaptation. Recognizing these links helps readers interpret how a new work reuses and transforms earlier cultural material.

A text that imitates another work's style or content while changing its meaning, often for comic or critical effect. It depends on the reader recognizing the original being transformed.

A seventeenth-century artistic movement marked by contrast, ornamentation, religious tension, and unstable language. In Brazilian literature it includes Gregório de Matos and Padre Antônio Vieira.

A nineteenth-century literary movement that valued subjectivity, emotion, national identity, and idealization. Brazilian Romanticism often celebrated indigenous figures and nature, especially in its first phase.

A nineteenth-century literary mode that portrays social life critically, showing characters shaped by environment, class, and institutions. It favors observation and verisimilitude over idealization, as in Machado de Assis's mature novels.

A twentieth-century movement launched by the 1922 Modern Art Week, emphasizing formal experimentation, national culture, and everyday language. It includes writers such as Mário de Andrade and Oswald de Andrade.

Oswald de Andrade's cultural metaphor proposing that Brazilian artists should 'cannibalize' foreign influences, absorbing and transforming them into something new rather than copying them passively.

A figure of speech that transfers meaning by stating one thing is another, as in 'life is a journey.' It creates comparison without using explicit connectors such as 'like'.

In Portuguese, the accent that marks the contraction of the preposition 'a' with the article 'a' or certain demonstrative pronouns, as in 'vou à escola.'

The grammatical relationship between a verb and its complements, including whether the verb requires a preposition. Choosing the right preposition affects meaning and standard written correctness.

Jakobson's six communicative functions: referential, emotive, conative, phatic, metalinguistic, and poetic. Each function highlights a different element of communication, such as the message, sender, or receiver.

A narrator who knows and reports the thoughts, feelings, and past or future events of multiple characters. This perspective gives broad information but can distance readers from uncertainty.

Differences in language use connected to region, social group, age, or situation. Recognizing variation shows that no single form is inherently superior and that adequacy depends on context.

The network of linguistic links, such as pronouns, conjunctions, and repeated terms, that connects parts of a text. It helps readers follow references and logical relations between ideas.

A school essay genre in which the writer presents a thesis and supports it with reasons and evidence. It requires clear organization, consistent argumentation, and awareness of counterarguments.

The central claim that an argumentative text defends. It should be debatable, clear, and sustained throughout the essay rather than merely describing a topic.

A supporting move that cites a credible person, institution, or study to strengthen a claim. It works only when the source is relevant and properly contextualized.

The way a text develops its topic step by step, adding new information instead of repeating the same idea. It keeps the writing focused and helps readers follow the argument.

The set of written conventions taught in schools and used in formal public communication. It is a reference variety, not the only correct way of speaking Portuguese.

An early modern economic policy that sought favorable trade balances, bullion accumulation, and colonial control. It involved tariffs, monopolies, and state regulation of economic activity.

An eighteenth-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, individual rights, and criticism of absolutism and religious authority. Its ideas influenced the American and French revolutions.

The transition from handicraft to machine production that began in eighteenth-century Britain. It transformed work, cities, class relations, and global trade, with major social consequences.

The increasing interconnection of economies, cultures, and information across national borders. It creates flows of goods, people, and ideas but also produces inequality and resistance.

In Marx's analysis, the difference between the value a worker produces and the wages paid. Marx treats it as the source of profit under capitalism.

The study of how geography, territory, resources, and strategic interests shape political power and international relations. It includes analysis of borders, alliances, and control of trade routes.

The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy, producing glucose and releasing oxygen from water and carbon dioxide.

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to one of higher solute concentration. It helps cells maintain water balance.

The calculation of quantities of reactants and products in a chemical reaction using balanced equations and mole ratios. It connects microscopic particles to measurable masses and volumes.

The relationship stating that current through a conductor is proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance, commonly written V = R × I for ohmic materials.

A mathematical function of the form f(x) = ax² + bx + c, with a ≠ 0. Its graph is a parabola, and its roots, vertex, and concavity are key features.

A sequence in which each term after the first is obtained by adding a constant difference. Formulas for its general term and sum are common exam tools.

A measure between 0 and 1 of how likely an event is, often calculated as favorable outcomes divided by possible outcomes in equally likely sample spaces.

A word in a foreign language that resembles a word in one's own language but has a different meaning. English 'actually' means 'in fact,' not 'currently.'

In Spanish, a word that looks similar to a Portuguese word but means something different, such as 'largo' (long) versus Portuguese 'largo' (square). Learners must memorize these contrasts.