BHSEC (Class XII) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Inherent vowel

In the Uchen script used for Dzongkha, each base consonant carries the vowel 'a' unless a separate vowel sign changes it.

Tsheg and shad

A tsheg is the small mark separating syllables within a word or phrase, while a shad marks the end of a phrase or sentence in Dzongkha text.

Reported speech backshift

When direct speech becomes indirect, present tenses usually shift to past and past to past perfect, with pronouns and time words adjusted accordingly.

Third conditional

A conditional sentence about an unreal past situation, formed with if plus past perfect in the clause and would have plus past participle in the result.

Integration by parts

A technique stating the integral of u dv equals uv minus the integral of v du, applied to products of functions such as x times an exponential.

Conditional probability

The probability of event A given that B has occurred, calculated as the probability of both events divided by the probability of B.

Work-energy theorem

The net work done on an object equals the change in its kinetic energy, so stopping distance grows with the square of speed.

Photoelectric threshold frequency

The minimum frequency of incident light needed to eject electrons from a metal surface, equal to the work function divided by Planck's constant.

Le Chatelier's principle

When a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in concentration, pressure, or temperature, it shifts to partially oppose that change.

Molar volume at STP

One mole of any ideal gas occupies about 22.4 litres at standard temperature and pressure, allowing mass and volume to be interconverted.

Mendel's law of segregation

The two alleles of a gene separate during gamete formation, so each gamete carries only one allele for that trait.

Trophic energy transfer

Only about ten percent of the energy at one trophic level passes to the next, so higher levels receive far less energy overall.

Price elasticity of demand

The percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price; demand is elastic when this value exceeds one.

Opportunity cost

The value of the next best alternative given up when a resource is used for one purpose rather than another.

Accounting equation

The relationship stating that total assets equal liabilities plus owner's capital, which remains balanced after every recorded transaction.

Straight-line depreciation

An equal amount of an asset's depreciable cost, being cost minus scrap value, is charged as expense in each year of its useful life.

Unity of command

A management principle holding that each employee should receive orders from only one superior, preventing confusion and conflicting instructions.

Marketing mix

The combination of product, price, place, and promotion decisions a firm uses to reach its target market and achieve objectives.

Two's complement

A binary method for representing negative numbers by inverting all bits of the positive value and adding one, enabling subtraction as addition.

De Morgan's laws

Boolean identities stating that the complement of A or B equals A' and B', and the complement of A and B equals A' or B'.

Honorific register

Dzongkha uses special respectful nouns and verbs when the subject is a revered person such as a lama or senior official.

Non-defining relative clause

A clause giving extra, non-essential information about a noun, set off by commas and usually introduced by who or which.

L'Hôpital's rule

For limits giving the indeterminate forms zero over zero or infinity over infinity, differentiate numerator and denominator separately and retake the limit.

Coulomb's law

The electrostatic force between two point charges is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation.

Buffer solution

A solution of a weak acid with its conjugate base, or a weak base with its conjugate acid, that resists large pH change on adding acid or alkali.

Transcription

The process in which a DNA strand is used as a template to synthesize messenger RNA, which then carries the code to the ribosome.

Money multiplier

The ratio of one divided by the reserve ratio, showing how much total bank deposits can expand from an initial deposit.

Bank reconciliation statement

A statement reconciling the cash book balance with the bank pass book balance by adjusting for unpresented cheques, uncredited deposits, and bank charges.

Delegation

The assignment of authority and responsibility by a superior to a subordinate, though the superior remains accountable for the outcome.

Stack versus queue

A stack removes the most recently added item first, following last-in-first-out, while a queue removes the earliest added item first.

Precis writing

A condensed restatement of a passage that keeps its central idea and essential supporting points while removing examples and repetition.

Half-life

The time taken for half the nuclei in a radioactive sample to decay, equal to the natural logarithm of two divided by the decay constant.