LSB Bar Exam Core cheat sheet

Personal jurisdiction requires minimum contacts plus fair play: purposeful availment, relatedness of the claim to those contacts, and reasonableness factors (burden, state interest, plaintiff's interest, efficiency).

Subject-matter jurisdiction: federal question under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (well-pleaded complaint rule); diversity under § 1332 requires complete diversity and amount in controversy exceeding $75,000, aggregated in good faith.

Supplemental jurisdiction (§ 1367) reaches claims sharing a common nucleus of operative fact with an anchor claim, but is barred in diversity cases for claims by plaintiffs against parties joined under Rules 14, 19, 20, or 24.

Venue under § 1391 lies where any defendant resides if all reside in the same state, where events occurred, or where any defendant is subject to personal jurisdiction; forum non conveniens and § 1404 transfer are discretionary.

Rule 12 defenses: lack of personal jurisdiction, improper venue, insufficient process, and insufficient service are waived if omitted from the first responsive pleading or motion; subject-matter jurisdiction is never waived.

Pleadings require only a short and plain statement showing entitlement to relief (Twombly/Iqbal plausibility); amendments relate back under Rule 15(c) when the claim arises from the same conduct and the new party had notice.

Summary judgment under Rule 56 requires no genuine dispute of material fact, viewing evidence in the nonmovant's favor; judgment as a matter of law under Rule 50 requires no reasonable jury could find for the nonmovant.

Claim preclusion requires a final judgment on the merits, same parties or privies, and the same claim; issue preclusion requires actual litigation and determination of an issue essential to the judgment.

Erie doctrine: federal courts apply state substantive law and federal procedural rules; if no federal rule or statute governs, apply state law when failure to do so would encourage forum shopping or inequitable administration.

Standing requires injury in fact (concrete and particularized, actual or imminent), causation traceable to the defendant, and redressability; third-party and generalized-grievance standing are disfavored.

State action doctrine: the Fourteenth Amendment reaches private conduct only with significant state involvement, public function, or entwinement; the Thirteenth Amendment reaches badges of slavery regardless of state action.

Strict scrutiny (compelling interest, narrow tailoring) applies to suspect classifications (race, national origin, alienage in some contexts) and fundamental rights (voting, travel, privacy, speech content).

Intermediate scrutiny (important interest, substantially related) applies to sex and illegitimacy classifications; rational basis (legitimate interest, rationally related) applies to age, wealth, and sexual orientation classifications.

Due process: procedural due process balances private interest, risk of erroneous deprivation, and government interest (Mathews); substantive due process protects fundamental rights from arbitrary interference.

Commerce power reaches channels of interstate commerce, instrumentalities, and activities substantially affecting interstate commerce; post-Lopez, noneconomic intrastate activity requires a jurisdictional hook.

Dormant Commerce Clause bars state laws that discriminate against or unduly burden interstate commerce, subject to the market-participant exception and congressional authorization.

Establishment Clause (Lemon/Marsh/Kennedy approaches) bars government endorsement or coercion in religion; Free Exercise protects religious conduct unless a neutral, generally applicable law under Smith.

Speech: content-based restrictions get strict scrutiny; content-neutral time, place, and manner rules must serve a significant interest, be narrowly tailored, and leave open ample alternatives.

Mutual assent requires offer (definite terms plus present intent to be bound) and acceptance (mirror image or UCC 2-207 battle of the forms); silence generally is not acceptance absent a duty to speak.

Consideration is a bargained-for exchange; preexisting duty, past consideration, and illusory promises fail; promissory estoppel substitutes for consideration when injustice can be avoided only by enforcement.

Statute of Frauds requires writing for marriage, year (cannot be performed within one year), land, executor, surety, and sale of goods over $500; UCC merchant confirmation and specially manufactured goods are exceptions.

Parol evidence rule excludes prior or contemporaneous negotiations that contradict or vary an integrated writing; exceptions include fraud, mistake, condition precedent, and course of dealing.

Conditions precedent must be satisfied before a duty of performance arises; substantial performance excuses minor breach, and material breach excuses the nonbreaching party's remaining duties.

Anticipatory repudiation allows the nonbreaching party to sue immediately or await performance; adequate assurances may be demanded under UCC § 2-609 when reasonable insecurity arises.

Expectation damages put the plaintiff in the position as if performed; reliance and restitution are alternatives; consequential damages require foreseeability (Hadley v. Baxendale) and certainty.

Liquidated damages are enforceable if damages are difficult to estimate and the amount is reasonable in light of anticipated loss; penalties are unenforceable.

Impracticability (unforeseen event, no assumption of risk), frustration of purpose, and mutual mistake (material, basic assumption) excuse performance; unilateral mistake generally does not absent fault or unconscionability.

Mens rea levels under the MPC: purposely (conscious object), knowingly (practically certain), recklessly (conscious disregard of substantial risk), negligently (should have been aware); strict liability lacks a mental state.

Accomplice liability requires intent to aid or encourage the principal's conduct; the accomplice is liable for the crime and foreseeable crimes committed in the course thereof.

Inchoate offenses: attempt requires specific intent plus a substantial step; conspiracy requires agreement plus intent, and overt act under most statutes; solicitation is complete upon asking.

Homicide: murder requires malice (intent to kill, intent to cause serious bodily injury, reckless indifference, felony murder); voluntary manslaughter requires adequate provocation or imperfect self-defense.

Self-defense requires reasonable belief in imminent unlawful force and proportional response; deadly force is permitted only against imminent death or serious bodily harm, subject to no-duty-to-retreat rules.

Fourth Amendment: searches and seizures require probable cause and a warrant, subject to exceptions (consent, search incident to arrest, automobile, plain view, exigency, stop and frisk under Terry).

Exclusionary rule bars evidence from unconstitutional searches, subject to good-faith, inevitable-discovery, and attenuation exceptions; Miranda warnings attach to custodial interrogation.

Sixth Amendment guarantees counsel at all critical stages after formal charges and a speedy, public, impartial jury trial; double jeopardy bars retrial after acquittal or conviction.

Confessions must be voluntary; Massiah bars post-charge interrogation without counsel, and the Sixth Amendment right to counsel is offense-specific.

Relevance requires a tendency to make a fact more or less probable and the fact must be of consequence; Rule 403 excludes relevant evidence whose probative value is substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice, confusion, or waste of time.

Character evidence is inadmissible to prove conduct in civil cases and generally in criminal cases, except the accused may offer character for a pertinent trait and the prosecution may rebut; habit evidence is admissible.

Impeachment tools: prior inconsistent statements (under oath, Rule 613), bias, capacity, conviction of a felony or crime involving dishonesty (Rule 609), and reputation for truthfulness.

Hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered for its truth; nonhearsay includes effect on listener, verbal acts, and statements by an opposing party under Rule 801(d)(2).

Hearsay exceptions (declarant unavailable): former testimony, dying declaration, statement against interest, statement of personal or family history, forfeiture by wrongdoing.

Hearsay exceptions (regardless of availability): present sense impression, excited utterance, then-existing state of mind, medical treatment, recorded recollection, business records, public records, learned treatises.

Confrontation Clause bars testimonial hearsay from unavailable declarants unless the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine (Crawford); nontestimonial statements are governed by reliability.

Best evidence rule requires the original writing to prove its contents; exceptions for voluminous records and lost or destroyed originals; summaries may be admissible under Rule 1006.

Privileges: attorney-client (confidential communication for legal advice, survives termination), physician-patient, psychotherapist, spousal (confidential marital communications and testimonial privilege).

Estates: fee simple absolute (alienable, devisable, descendible), fee tail, life estate, and leasehold estates; future interests include reversion, remainder, and executory interest.

Rule Against Perpetuities: no interest is good unless it must vest, if at all, within 21 years after a life in being at creation; applies to contingent remainders and executory interests.

Concurrent estates: joint tenancy requires four unities (time, title, interest, possession) and right of survivorship; tenancy in common has no survivorship; tenancy by the entirety requires marriage.

Landlord-tenant: lease covenants include quiet enjoyment, habitability (residential), and rent; eviction remedies include actual and constructive eviction and self-help limits.

Easements: express (writing), implied (prior use, necessity), prescriptive (adverse use for statutory period); easements appurtenant run with the land; easements in gross do not.

Covenants run with the land if writing, intent, touch and concern, horizontal and vertical privity; equitable servitudes require notice and intent to bind successors.

Recording acts: race (first to record), notice (first to record without notice), race-notice (first to record without notice); shelter rule protects a grantee from a prior grantee.

Adverse possession requires actual, exclusive, continuous, open and notorious, and hostile possession for the statutory period; tacking allows successive possessors to combine periods.

Mortgage priorities follow recording order; foreclosure extinguishes junior liens; deed types include warranty, special warranty, and quitclaim, with marketable title requiring no encumbrances.

Intentional torts require intent (purpose or substantial certainty) plus act; battery requires harmful or offensive contact, assault requires apprehension, false imprisonment requires confinement.

Defenses to intentional torts: consent, self-defense, defense of others, defense of property, necessity (public and private), and privilege.

Negligence elements: duty, breach, causation (actual and proximate), and damages; duty is owed to foreseeable plaintiffs under Palsgraf and the Cardozo/Andrews approaches.

Standard of care: reasonable person; professionals use customary practice; children use a reasonable child of like age, intelligence, and experience; landowners have duties based on entrant status (invitee, licensee, trespasser).

Res ipsa loquitur permits an inference of negligence when the instrumentality was in the defendant's exclusive control and the accident ordinarily does not occur absent negligence.

Proximate cause requires foreseeability; intervening causes supersede only if unforeseeable; eggshell plaintiff rule makes the defendant liable for unforeseeable extent of harm.

Strict liability applies to abnormally dangerous activities and wild animals; products liability requires a defective product and causation under strict liability, negligence, or warranty theories.

Defenses: contributory negligence (complete bar, common law), comparative negligence (pure or modified), and assumption of the risk (voluntary, knowing).

Defamation requires a false statement of fact, publication, fault, and damages; public figures must prove actual malice; privacy torts include intrusion, disclosure, false light, and appropriation.

Agency: an agent acts subject to the principal's control; actual authority (express or implied) and apparent authority (third-party reasonable belief from manifestations) bind the principal.

Partnership: default rules under UPA include equal sharing of profits and losses, majority vote for ordinary matters, unanimity for fundamental changes, and joint and several liability for partners.

Limited partnerships require at least one general partner (liable) and one limited partner (liability limited to contribution); limited liability companies combine pass-through taxation with limited liability.

Corporate formation: incorporator files articles of incorporation; de facto corporation and corporation by estoppel protect defective formations; promoter liability persists until novation.

Piercing the corporate veil requires alter ego or fraud and injustice; factors include undercapitalization, commingling, and failure to observe formalities.

Corporate governance: directors owe duties of care and loyalty (including no self-dealing, corporate opportunity, and good faith); business judgment rule presumes informed decisions.

Shareholder rights: vote on fundamental changes, inspect books, receive dividends when declared, and bring derivative suits after demand or demand futility.

Securities law: Rule 10b-5 prohibits material misstatements or omissions with scienter in connection with purchase or sale; Section 16(b) short-swing profits are recoverable.

Closely held corporations and LLCs may impose transfer restrictions; dissolution requires winding up, and LLC members owe fiduciary duties unless the operating agreement limits them.

Competence and diligence (Rule 1.1, 1.3): a lawyer must provide competent representation with the legal knowledge, skill, thoroughness, and preparation reasonably necessary.

Confidentiality (Rule 1.6) bars disclosure of information relating to representation without informed consent, except to prevent reasonably certain death or substantial bodily harm or to comply with law.

Conflict of interest (Rule 1.7): a concurrent conflict exists when representation of one client is directly adverse to another or materially limited; clients may consent in writing after informed consent.

Former client conflicts (Rule 1.9) prohibit representation materially adverse to a former client in the same or substantially related matter absent informed consent; imputation under Rule 1.10 applies.

Fee agreements must be reasonable (Rule 1.5); contingent fees are prohibited in criminal and domestic relations cases; advance fee payments must be held in trust.

Trust accounts (Rule 1.15): client funds must be kept in a separate trust account; commingling is prohibited; disputed funds must be kept separate until resolved.

Candor to the tribunal (Rule 3.3) requires disclosure of adverse legal authority and correction of false statements; ex parte communications with represented parties are prohibited (Rule 4.2).

Advertising (Rule 7.2, 7.3): truthful, non-misleading communications are permitted; solicitation of prospective clients for pecuniary gain is restricted, and in-person solicitation is prohibited.

Withdrawal (Rule 1.16): mandatory withdrawal when continued representation results in violation of law or rules; permissive withdrawal requires no material adverse effect and court approval if litigation is pending.

Personal jurisdiction requires minimum contacts plus fair play: purposeful availment, relatedness of the claim to those contacts, and reasonableness factors (burden, state interest, plaintiff's interest, efficiency).

Subject-matter jurisdiction: federal question under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (well-pleaded complaint rule); diversity under § 1332 requires complete diversity and amount in controversy exceeding $75,000, aggregated in good faith.

Supplemental jurisdiction (§ 1367) reaches claims sharing a common nucleus of operative fact with an anchor claim, but is barred in diversity cases for claims by plaintiffs against parties joined under Rules 14, 19, 20, or 24.

Venue under § 1391 lies where any defendant resides if all reside in the same state, where events occurred, or where any defendant is subject to personal jurisdiction; forum non conveniens and § 1404 transfer are discretionary.

Rule 12 defenses: lack of personal jurisdiction, improper venue, insufficient process, and insufficient service are waived if omitted from the first responsive pleading or motion; subject-matter jurisdiction is never waived.

Pleadings require only a short and plain statement showing entitlement to relief (Twombly/Iqbal plausibility); amendments relate back under Rule 15(c) when the claim arises from the same conduct and the new party had notice.

Summary judgment under Rule 56 requires no genuine dispute of material fact, viewing evidence in the nonmovant's favor; judgment as a matter of law under Rule 50 requires no reasonable jury could find for the nonmovant.

Claim preclusion requires a final judgment on the merits, same parties or privies, and the same claim; issue preclusion requires actual litigation and determination of an issue essential to the judgment.

Erie doctrine: federal courts apply state substantive law and federal procedural rules; if no federal rule or statute governs, apply state law when failure to do so would encourage forum shopping or inequitable administration.

Standing requires injury in fact (concrete and particularized, actual or imminent), causation traceable to the defendant, and redressability; third-party and generalized-grievance standing are disfavored.

State action doctrine: the Fourteenth Amendment reaches private conduct only with significant state involvement, public function, or entwinement; the Thirteenth Amendment reaches badges of slavery regardless of state action.

Strict scrutiny (compelling interest, narrow tailoring) applies to suspect classifications (race, national origin, alienage in some contexts) and fundamental rights (voting, travel, privacy, speech content).

Intermediate scrutiny (important interest, substantially related) applies to sex and illegitimacy classifications; rational basis (legitimate interest, rationally related) applies to age, wealth, and sexual orientation classifications.

Due process: procedural due process balances private interest, risk of erroneous deprivation, and government interest (Mathews); substantive due process protects fundamental rights from arbitrary interference.

Commerce power reaches channels of interstate commerce, instrumentalities, and activities substantially affecting interstate commerce; post-Lopez, noneconomic intrastate activity requires a jurisdictional hook.

Dormant Commerce Clause bars state laws that discriminate against or unduly burden interstate commerce, subject to the market-participant exception and congressional authorization.

Establishment Clause (Lemon/Marsh/Kennedy approaches) bars government endorsement or coercion in religion; Free Exercise protects religious conduct unless a neutral, generally applicable law under Smith.

Speech: content-based restrictions get strict scrutiny; content-neutral time, place, and manner rules must serve a significant interest, be narrowly tailored, and leave open ample alternatives.

Mutual assent requires offer (definite terms plus present intent to be bound) and acceptance (mirror image or UCC 2-207 battle of the forms); silence generally is not acceptance absent a duty to speak.

Consideration is a bargained-for exchange; preexisting duty, past consideration, and illusory promises fail; promissory estoppel substitutes for consideration when injustice can be avoided only by enforcement.

Statute of Frauds requires writing for marriage, year (cannot be performed within one year), land, executor, surety, and sale of goods over $500; UCC merchant confirmation and specially manufactured goods are exceptions.

Parol evidence rule excludes prior or contemporaneous negotiations that contradict or vary an integrated writing; exceptions include fraud, mistake, condition precedent, and course of dealing.

Conditions precedent must be satisfied before a duty of performance arises; substantial performance excuses minor breach, and material breach excuses the nonbreaching party's remaining duties.

Anticipatory repudiation allows the nonbreaching party to sue immediately or await performance; adequate assurances may be demanded under UCC § 2-609 when reasonable insecurity arises.

Expectation damages put the plaintiff in the position as if performed; reliance and restitution are alternatives; consequential damages require foreseeability (Hadley v. Baxendale) and certainty.

Liquidated damages are enforceable if damages are difficult to estimate and the amount is reasonable in light of anticipated loss; penalties are unenforceable.

Impracticability (unforeseen event, no assumption of risk), frustration of purpose, and mutual mistake (material, basic assumption) excuse performance; unilateral mistake generally does not absent fault or unconscionability.

Mens rea levels under the MPC: purposely (conscious object), knowingly (practically certain), recklessly (conscious disregard of substantial risk), negligently (should have been aware); strict liability lacks a mental state.

Accomplice liability requires intent to aid or encourage the principal's conduct; the accomplice is liable for the crime and foreseeable crimes committed in the course thereof.

Inchoate offenses: attempt requires specific intent plus a substantial step; conspiracy requires agreement plus intent, and overt act under most statutes; solicitation is complete upon asking.

Homicide: murder requires malice (intent to kill, intent to cause serious bodily injury, reckless indifference, felony murder); voluntary manslaughter requires adequate provocation or imperfect self-defense.

Self-defense requires reasonable belief in imminent unlawful force and proportional response; deadly force is permitted only against imminent death or serious bodily harm, subject to no-duty-to-retreat rules.

Fourth Amendment: searches and seizures require probable cause and a warrant, subject to exceptions (consent, search incident to arrest, automobile, plain view, exigency, stop and frisk under Terry).

Exclusionary rule bars evidence from unconstitutional searches, subject to good-faith, inevitable-discovery, and attenuation exceptions; Miranda warnings attach to custodial interrogation.

Sixth Amendment guarantees counsel at all critical stages after formal charges and a speedy, public, impartial jury trial; double jeopardy bars retrial after acquittal or conviction.

Confessions must be voluntary; Massiah bars post-charge interrogation without counsel, and the Sixth Amendment right to counsel is offense-specific.

Relevance requires a tendency to make a fact more or less probable and the fact must be of consequence; Rule 403 excludes relevant evidence whose probative value is substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice, confusion, or waste of time.

Character evidence is inadmissible to prove conduct in civil cases and generally in criminal cases, except the accused may offer character for a pertinent trait and the prosecution may rebut; habit evidence is admissible.

Impeachment tools: prior inconsistent statements (under oath, Rule 613), bias, capacity, conviction of a felony or crime involving dishonesty (Rule 609), and reputation for truthfulness.

Hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered for its truth; nonhearsay includes effect on listener, verbal acts, and statements by an opposing party under Rule 801(d)(2).

Hearsay exceptions (declarant unavailable): former testimony, dying declaration, statement against interest, statement of personal or family history, forfeiture by wrongdoing.

Hearsay exceptions (regardless of availability): present sense impression, excited utterance, then-existing state of mind, medical treatment, recorded recollection, business records, public records, learned treatises.

Confrontation Clause bars testimonial hearsay from unavailable declarants unless the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine (Crawford); nontestimonial statements are governed by reliability.

Best evidence rule requires the original writing to prove its contents; exceptions for voluminous records and lost or destroyed originals; summaries may be admissible under Rule 1006.

Privileges: attorney-client (confidential communication for legal advice, survives termination), physician-patient, psychotherapist, spousal (confidential marital communications and testimonial privilege).

Estates: fee simple absolute (alienable, devisable, descendible), fee tail, life estate, and leasehold estates; future interests include reversion, remainder, and executory interest.

Rule Against Perpetuities: no interest is good unless it must vest, if at all, within 21 years after a life in being at creation; applies to contingent remainders and executory interests.

Concurrent estates: joint tenancy requires four unities (time, title, interest, possession) and right of survivorship; tenancy in common has no survivorship; tenancy by the entirety requires marriage.

Landlord-tenant: lease covenants include quiet enjoyment, habitability (residential), and rent; eviction remedies include actual and constructive eviction and self-help limits.

Easements: express (writing), implied (prior use, necessity), prescriptive (adverse use for statutory period); easements appurtenant run with the land; easements in gross do not.

Covenants run with the land if writing, intent, touch and concern, horizontal and vertical privity; equitable servitudes require notice and intent to bind successors.

Recording acts: race (first to record), notice (first to record without notice), race-notice (first to record without notice); shelter rule protects a grantee from a prior grantee.

Adverse possession requires actual, exclusive, continuous, open and notorious, and hostile possession for the statutory period; tacking allows successive possessors to combine periods.

Mortgage priorities follow recording order; foreclosure extinguishes junior liens; deed types include warranty, special warranty, and quitclaim, with marketable title requiring no encumbrances.

Intentional torts require intent (purpose or substantial certainty) plus act; battery requires harmful or offensive contact, assault requires apprehension, false imprisonment requires confinement.

Defenses to intentional torts: consent, self-defense, defense of others, defense of property, necessity (public and private), and privilege.

Negligence elements: duty, breach, causation (actual and proximate), and damages; duty is owed to foreseeable plaintiffs under Palsgraf and the Cardozo/Andrews approaches.

Standard of care: reasonable person; professionals use customary practice; children use a reasonable child of like age, intelligence, and experience; landowners have duties based on entrant status (invitee, licensee, trespasser).

Res ipsa loquitur permits an inference of negligence when the instrumentality was in the defendant's exclusive control and the accident ordinarily does not occur absent negligence.

Proximate cause requires foreseeability; intervening causes supersede only if unforeseeable; eggshell plaintiff rule makes the defendant liable for unforeseeable extent of harm.

Strict liability applies to abnormally dangerous activities and wild animals; products liability requires a defective product and causation under strict liability, negligence, or warranty theories.

Defenses: contributory negligence (complete bar, common law), comparative negligence (pure or modified), and assumption of the risk (voluntary, knowing).

Defamation requires a false statement of fact, publication, fault, and damages; public figures must prove actual malice; privacy torts include intrusion, disclosure, false light, and appropriation.

Agency: an agent acts subject to the principal's control; actual authority (express or implied) and apparent authority (third-party reasonable belief from manifestations) bind the principal.

Partnership: default rules under UPA include equal sharing of profits and losses, majority vote for ordinary matters, unanimity for fundamental changes, and joint and several liability for partners.

Limited partnerships require at least one general partner (liable) and one limited partner (liability limited to contribution); limited liability companies combine pass-through taxation with limited liability.

Corporate formation: incorporator files articles of incorporation; de facto corporation and corporation by estoppel protect defective formations; promoter liability persists until novation.

Piercing the corporate veil requires alter ego or fraud and injustice; factors include undercapitalization, commingling, and failure to observe formalities.

Corporate governance: directors owe duties of care and loyalty (including no self-dealing, corporate opportunity, and good faith); business judgment rule presumes informed decisions.

Shareholder rights: vote on fundamental changes, inspect books, receive dividends when declared, and bring derivative suits after demand or demand futility.

Securities law: Rule 10b-5 prohibits material misstatements or omissions with scienter in connection with purchase or sale; Section 16(b) short-swing profits are recoverable.

Closely held corporations and LLCs may impose transfer restrictions; dissolution requires winding up, and LLC members owe fiduciary duties unless the operating agreement limits them.

Competence and diligence (Rule 1.1, 1.3): a lawyer must provide competent representation with the legal knowledge, skill, thoroughness, and preparation reasonably necessary.

Confidentiality (Rule 1.6) bars disclosure of information relating to representation without informed consent, except to prevent reasonably certain death or substantial bodily harm or to comply with law.

Conflict of interest (Rule 1.7): a concurrent conflict exists when representation of one client is directly adverse to another or materially limited; clients may consent in writing after informed consent.

Former client conflicts (Rule 1.9) prohibit representation materially adverse to a former client in the same or substantially related matter absent informed consent; imputation under Rule 1.10 applies.

Fee agreements must be reasonable (Rule 1.5); contingent fees are prohibited in criminal and domestic relations cases; advance fee payments must be held in trust.

Trust accounts (Rule 1.15): client funds must be kept in a separate trust account; commingling is prohibited; disputed funds must be kept separate until resolved.

Candor to the tribunal (Rule 3.3) requires disclosure of adverse legal authority and correction of false statements; ex parte communications with represented parties are prohibited (Rule 4.2).

Advertising (Rule 7.2, 7.3): truthful, non-misleading communications are permitted; solicitation of prospective clients for pecuniary gain is restricted, and in-person solicitation is prohibited.

Withdrawal (Rule 1.16): mandatory withdrawal when continued representation results in violation of law or rules; permissive withdrawal requires no material adverse effect and court approval if litigation is pending.