Belarus GAI Theory C cheat sheet

Priority signs form a hierarchy: signs 2.1 (main road) and 2.3.1–2.3.7 grant priority; 2.4 (give way) and 2.5 (STOP) require yielding; where permanent signs conflict, the sign lower in the priority order yields to the higher one.

Warning signs (1.x) are placed 50–100 m before the hazard in built-up areas, 150–300 m outside built-up areas; triangular with red border.

Prohibition signs (3.x) are round with red border; 3.1 No entry, 3.2 No vehicles, 3.20 overtaking ban, 3.24 speed limit; they end at the next intersection or at an end-of-zone sign.

Mandatory signs (4.x) are round and blue; 4.1.1 straight ahead, 4.1.2 turn right, 4.1.4 keep straight or right; they may be overridden only by a traffic controller.

A round blue sign with a white arrow pointing down-left (5.15.7) marks a lane for oncoming traffic; driving in it in the same direction as oncoming vehicles is prohibited.

The general speed limit in built-up areas is 60 km/h; outside built-up areas 90 km/h; on motorways 110 km/h; towing and vehicles with trailers are limited to 50 km/h.

A STOP sign (2.5) requires a full stop at the stop line; if no line, at the edge of the crossed carriageway; if no crossing road, at the sign itself.

Signals from a traffic controller override signs and markings; a raised arm means all traffic must stop except vehicles already in the intersection.

Solid white line 1.1 separates opposing flows and cannot be crossed; broken line 1.5 may be crossed from either side when safe.

Line 1.3 (double solid) separates opposite directions on roads with three or more lanes; crossing it is prohibited.

Yellow zigzag 1.17 marks a bus stop; stopping or parking there is prohibited.

A flashing yellow signal means the intersection is uncontrolled; drivers must apply the right-hand priority rule and yield to vehicles on the right.

A red plus yellow simultaneously means the red phase is ending and green will follow; drivers may prepare but must not proceed.

A green arrow in an additional section means movement is permitted in that direction only if it does not obstruct other road users; a red arrow in the additional section prohibits that direction.

A yellow signal requires stopping before the stop line unless stopping would require emergency braking; a flashing green permits proceeding if the intersection can be cleared.

A white-and-black striped marking (1.23) indicates a pedestrian crossing; overtaking is prohibited on it.

Tyres must have a tread depth of at least 1.6 mm for passenger cars, 1.0 mm for trucks over 3.5 t, and 0.8 mm for buses; tyres with cuts exposing the cord are prohibited.

Brake system: the service brake must stop a laden vehicle from 40 km/h within the distance specified by the manufacturer; a leaking hydraulic circuit disqualifies the vehicle.

A first-aid kit, fire extinguisher (at least 2 kg for trucks), warning triangle, and reflective vest are mandatory equipment.

Headlights must be adjusted so as not to dazzle oncoming drivers; a dipped beam is required at night and in tunnels and in poor visibility.

Vehicles must undergo periodic technical inspection; a Category C truck is inspected every 12 months, and a valid inspection certificate must be carried.

The exhaust must not exceed the permitted opacity; visible smoke from a diesel engine is grounds for prohibition from operation.

The steering must have no excessive free play; the maximum permitted play for a truck is 25 mm measured at the steering wheel rim.

A vehicle may not be operated if the windscreen wipers or washer are defective, or if the horn is inoperative.

A Category C driver must carry a driving licence, vehicle registration certificate, insurance policy, and waybill (or transport documents) and present them on request to GAI.

The driver must stop at the request of a GAI officer, present documents, and comply with lawful instructions; refusal is an administrative offence.

Leaving the scene of an accident in which anyone was injured is a criminal offence; the driver must stop, render aid, and report to police.

Driving while intoxicated, or refusing a medical examination, results in licence revocation and a fine; repeat offences carry criminal liability.

The driver must report an accident to the police and remain at the scene until officers arrive, unless the vehicle obstructs traffic and no one was injured.

The driver is obliged to give way to pedestrians on a marked crossing and to blind persons signalling with a white cane.

A driver who causes injury through violation of traffic rules may face criminal liability under the road traffic article of the Criminal Code.

The driver must wear a seat belt and ensure passengers do so; children under 12 require an appropriate child restraint.

A safe following distance in seconds equals the time to reach a fixed object after the vehicle ahead; 2 seconds minimum in good conditions, 4 seconds in rain or at night.

Stopping distance = reaction distance + braking distance; reaction distance at 60 km/h with 1 s reaction time is about 17 m.

In a skid, release the accelerator, steer gently in the direction of the skid, and avoid sudden braking; braking locks wheels and worsens the skid.

For severe bleeding, apply direct pressure with a clean dressing and elevate the limb; a tourniquet is a last resort and must be marked with the time of application.

For a casualty not breathing, begin chest compressions at 100–120 per minute, 5–6 cm deep, with 30 compressions to 2 rescue breaths.

Do not move an injured person with suspected spinal injury unless there is immediate danger such as fire; keep the head and neck aligned.

At an accident scene, set the warning triangle 15–30 m behind the vehicle in built-up areas and 30–100 m outside them, and switch on hazard lights.

Treat burns with cool running water for at least 10 minutes; do not apply oil, cream, or ice directly to the burn.

The load must be secured so that it does not shift, fall, or obstruct the driver's view; the driver is responsible for securement.

The load may not extend more than 1 m beyond the rear of the vehicle without a warning flag or light; at night a red light and reflector are required.

The maximum permitted mass and axle loads for a Category C truck are set by the manufacturer's plate and by road regulations; overloading is prohibited.

Passengers may be carried in the cab only up to the number of seats with seat belts; carrying passengers in the cargo body is prohibited unless it is equipped for that purpose.

The load must not obstruct lights, registration plates, mirrors, or the rear-view field; if it does, the vehicle may not be operated.

Cargo that produces dust or odour must be covered; loose materials must be tarped to prevent spillage onto the road.

Height including load must not exceed 4 m; width 2.55 m; length for a single vehicle 12 m, for a road train 20 m, unless a special permit is held.

Dangerous goods require a special permit, marking, and driver training; transporting them without the required documents is prohibited.

Scan 12–15 seconds ahead; keep the eyes moving and check mirrors every 5–8 seconds to maintain a full picture of the traffic situation.

A parked car with a driver inside, a ball rolling into the road, or a cyclist looking over the shoulder are cues of a likely hazard; reduce speed proactively.

The two-second rule doubles in rain, and quadruples on ice; increase the gap whenever visibility or grip decreases.

At an uncontrolled intersection, yield to the vehicle on the right; never assume another driver will yield even when you have priority.

Approaching a pedestrian crossing, cover the brake and reduce speed; a pedestrian may step out from behind a stopped vehicle.

In fog, use dipped headlights and fog lamps, reduce speed to the distance visible, and avoid overtaking.

Before changing lanes, check the mirror, signal, check the blind spot, and only then move; a truck's blind spot extends along both sides and directly behind.

When a large vehicle ahead brakes, anticipate a stop and increase following distance; heavy vehicles need far longer to stop than cars.