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AATO Practice Exam study materials
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AATO Practice Exam practice questions

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Question 1Regulatory Framework and Compliance

Under the AATO regulatory framework, which body holds ultimate authority for interpreting the rules governing automated trading system registration?

  1. The largest exchange by volume
  2. An industry self-assessment panel
  3. The designated regulatory authority Correct answer.
  4. The vendor of the trading software

Explanation

Interpretive authority rests with the designated regulatory authority, which issues binding guidance and enforces compliance. Exchanges, vendors, and industry panels may influence practice but do not hold interpretive authority over the framework.

Question 2Regulatory Framework and Compliance

What is the primary purpose of requiring registration of automated trading systems before deployment?

  1. To standardize programming languages across firms
  2. To ensure systems are identifiable and subject to oversight Correct answer.
  3. To generate fee revenue for the regulator
  4. To limit the number of firms using algorithms

Explanation

Registration creates an inventory of automated systems so the regulator can identify, monitor, and supervise them. It is a supervisory tool rather than a revenue or market-restriction mechanism.

Question 3Regulatory Framework and Compliance

Which record-keeping obligation most directly supports post-trade reconstruction of an algorithm's decisions?

  1. Logging system configuration changes and order events Correct answer.
  2. Publishing a public strategy summary
  3. Retaining marketing materials
  4. Filing annual audited financials

Explanation

Configuration-change logs and order-event records allow regulators to reconstruct how a system behaved at a given time. Marketing and financial filings do not capture algorithmic decision data.

Question 4Regulatory Framework and Compliance

A firm deploys a new algorithm but delays registering it until after the first trading day. Which compliance principle is most directly violated?

  1. Capital adequacy standard
  2. Pre-deployment registration requirement Correct answer.
  3. Client suitability rule
  4. Best-execution obligation

Explanation

The framework generally requires registration before a system goes live, so deploying first and registering later breaches that sequencing rule. The other obligations concern execution quality, capital, or client assessment, not registration timing.

Question 5Regulatory Framework and Compliance

Which of the following best describes a 'kill switch' control under the framework?

  1. A method for bypassing pre-trade risk checks
  2. A schedule for rotating encryption keys
  3. A tool that erases audit logs after trading
  4. A mechanism to immediately halt a system's order flow Correct answer.

Explanation

A kill switch is a control enabling immediate cessation of a system's activity to contain malfunction or risk. It is not a data-destruction or bypass tool.

Question 6Regulatory Framework and Compliance

Pre-trade risk controls are primarily intended to prevent which outcome?

  1. Submission of orders that breach limits or available resources Correct answer.
  2. Publication of inaccurate marketing claims
  3. Late filing of tax returns
  4. Inadequate staff training records

Explanation

Pre-trade controls check orders against limits, credit, and resources before they reach the market. The other items concern disclosure, tax, or training obligations rather than order-level risk.

Question 7Regulatory Framework and Compliance

Which testing activity is typically required before an automated system is approved for live deployment?

  1. An oral approval from a trading desk clerk
  2. A peer review by a competitor firm
  3. A public demonstration to retail clients
  4. Documented testing in a controlled environment Correct answer.

Explanation

The framework expects documented testing, often in a simulated or controlled environment, to demonstrate that controls function as intended. Peer review by competitors and informal approvals do not satisfy this requirement.

Question 8Regulatory Framework and Compliance

An algorithm begins sending duplicate orders due to a coding defect. Which control layer should have caught this before market impact?

  1. Client onboarding review
  2. Post-trade reconciliation only
  3. Annual compliance attestation
  4. Automated pre-trade duplicate-order detection Correct answer.

Explanation

Automated pre-trade checks can detect and block duplicate or anomalous orders in real time. Post-trade reconciliation identifies issues after the fact, and the other items are unrelated periodic processes.

Question 9Regulatory Framework and Compliance

What does the framework generally require when a firm makes a material change to a registered algorithm?

  1. Immediate deregistration of the system
  2. No action if the strategy name is unchanged
  3. Public disclosure of the source code
  4. Notification or re-approval consistent with the change's significance Correct answer.

Explanation

Material changes typically trigger notification or re-approval proportional to their significance, because they can alter risk characteristics. Silence or deregistration does not reflect the change-management requirement.

Question 10Regulatory Framework and Compliance

Which party is generally responsible for ensuring that a third-party trading algorithm complies with the framework?

  1. The regulated firm deploying the algorithm Correct answer.
  2. The regulator that approved the vendor
  3. The third-party vendor alone
  4. The exchange hosting the orders

Explanation

The regulated firm remains accountable for systems it deploys, even when supplied by a vendor. Outsourcing does not transfer regulatory responsibility to the vendor or venue.

Question 11Regulatory Framework and Compliance

Which of the following is the most appropriate content of an annual compliance review of algorithmic trading controls?

  1. A summary of employee vacation schedules
  2. A review of control design, testing evidence, and incident history Correct answer.
  3. A projection of marketing budgets
  4. A list of competitor algorithms

Explanation

An effective review assesses whether controls are designed and operating effectively, supported by testing evidence and incident records. The other items are unrelated to control effectiveness.

Question 12Regulatory Framework and Compliance

A firm's algorithm exceeds a position limit for several minutes before a manual intervention. Which obligation is most directly implicated?

  1. Advertising approval
  2. Prompt detection and remediation of limit breaches Correct answer.
  3. Capital distribution policy
  4. Client suitability assessment

Explanation

Limit breaches must be detected promptly and remediated, with the firm able to demonstrate effective controls. The other items concern unrelated compliance areas.

Question 13Regulatory Framework and Compliance

What is the role of a compliance officer in the deployment approval process for an automated system?

  1. To write the trading algorithm's source code
  2. To negotiate exchange fee schedules
  3. To confirm that required controls and documentation are in place Correct answer.
  4. To set the firm's marketing strategy

Explanation

Compliance confirms that controls, testing, and documentation satisfy regulatory requirements before deployment. Coding, marketing, and fee negotiation are operational or commercial functions.

Question 14Regulatory Framework and Compliance

Which of the following best characterizes the framework's expectation for business continuity of automated trading operations?

  1. Continuity is the sole responsibility of the exchange
  2. Backup systems are prohibited for security reasons
  3. Firms should maintain documented contingency arrangements for system failure Correct answer.
  4. Continuity plans are optional for algorithmic firms

Explanation

Firms are expected to maintain documented contingency arrangements so that trading can be safely suspended or resumed after a failure. Continuity is a firm-level obligation, not solely a venue matter.

Question 15Regulatory Framework and Compliance

An algorithm's behavior drifts from its documented specification over time. Which governance process is designed to detect this?

  1. Periodic model and performance review Correct answer.
  2. Client complaint handling
  3. Payroll reconciliation
  4. Vendor invoice auditing

Explanation

Periodic review compares actual system behavior against its documented specification and intended function. The other processes address unrelated operational matters.

Question 16Regulatory Framework and Compliance

Which data-retention approach best satisfies the framework's audit-trail expectations?

  1. Retaining time-stamped records for the required period in retrievable form Correct answer.
  2. Storing logs only on individual traders' laptops
  3. Deleting logs after each trading session to save space
  4. Keeping records only in printed summaries

Explanation

An adequate audit trail requires time-stamped records retained for the mandated period and retrievable on request. Deleting or decentralizing records undermines reconstruction.

Question 17Regulatory Framework and Compliance

Which of the following is a core element of an algorithm's documented specification under the framework?

  1. The intended trading logic and risk parameters Correct answer.
  2. The names of former employees
  3. The firm's historical stock price chart
  4. The personal contact details of all shareholders

Explanation

Documentation should describe the intended logic, parameters, and risk limits so behavior can be assessed against design. The other items are irrelevant to system specification.

Question 18Regulatory Framework and Compliance

A firm uses an unregistered algorithm for a single test order in the live market. How should this be characterized?

  1. Acceptable if the order was small
  2. A potential breach of registration requirements Correct answer.
  3. Permissible because only one order was sent
  4. Allowed because testing is exempt in live markets

Explanation

Sending live orders through an unregistered system can breach registration requirements regardless of order size or count. Live-market testing does not generally create an exemption from registration.

Question 19Regulatory Framework and Compliance

Which control arrangement best addresses the risk of a runaway algorithm generating excessive order volume?

  1. Annual review of client agreements
  2. Monthly reconciliation of vendor invoices
  3. Real-time message-rate throttles and volume limits Correct answer.
  4. Quarterly review of marketing materials

Explanation

Real-time throttles and volume limits constrain order flow before it can escalate. Periodic reviews of unrelated documents cannot prevent a runaway event.

Question 20Regulatory Framework and Compliance

What is the framework's typical expectation regarding segregation of duties in algorithmic trading operations?

  1. Compliance should report to the trading desk head
  2. One person should develop, approve, and deploy each system
  3. Only external auditors may touch trading systems
  4. Development and independent approval functions should be separated Correct answer.

Explanation

Separating development from independent review and approval reduces the risk that errors or conflicts go unchecked. Concentrating all functions in one person or subordinating compliance undermines that separation.

Question 21Regulatory Framework and Compliance

Which of the following best describes the framework's treatment of self-trading by a single firm's algorithms?

  1. It is required for liquidity provision
  2. It is permitted only on weekends
  3. It is always permitted without monitoring
  4. It should be monitored and controlled to prevent manipulative patterns Correct answer.

Explanation

Self-trading can create manipulative or disruptive patterns, so firms must monitor and control it. It is neither unconditionally permitted nor required.

Question 22Regulatory Framework and Compliance

Which document typically records the approval decision and conditions for deploying an automated system?

  1. A supplier invoice
  2. A press release
  3. A customer receipt
  4. A deployment approval record or sign-off Correct answer.

Explanation

A deployment approval record documents who approved the system, when, and under what conditions, supporting accountability. The other documents do not capture approval decisions.

Question 23Regulatory Framework and Compliance

A firm outsources monitoring of its algorithms to a vendor but retains no oversight. What is the primary compliance concern?

  1. The firm must stop trading permanently
  2. The firm has delegated accountability it cannot transfer Correct answer.
  3. The vendor must register as an exchange
  4. The regulator assumes the firm's obligations

Explanation

Regulated firms remain accountable for outsourced functions and must maintain oversight of vendors. Accountability does not transfer to the vendor or the regulator.

Question 24Regulatory Framework and Compliance

Which practice best supports the framework's expectation of incident reporting for algorithmic malfunctions?

  1. Suppressing incidents to avoid reputational harm
  2. Reporting only incidents that cause client losses
  3. Waiting until year-end to report all incidents
  4. Documenting incidents and notifying the regulator as required Correct answer.

Explanation

Firms should document incidents and notify the regulator within required timeframes, regardless of whether clients suffered losses. Suppression or delayed batch reporting defeats timely supervision.

Question 25Regulatory Framework and Compliance

Which of the following best describes the framework's stance on access controls for production trading systems?

  1. Access logs may be discarded immediately
  2. Any employee may access production systems freely
  3. Shared passwords are encouraged for speed
  4. Access should be role-based and logged Correct answer.

Explanation

Role-based, logged access limits who can change production systems and creates an audit trail. Open access, discarded logs, and shared credentials weaken accountability.

Question 26Regulatory Framework and Compliance

Under the regulatory framework for algorithmic trading, which of the following is a primary purpose of maintaining an inventory of all algorithms used by a firm?

  1. To ensure that each algorithm is assigned a unique marketing identifier for client disclosure.
  2. To provide a basis for calculating the firm's capital adequacy requirements for technology risk.
  3. To satisfy the requirement that every algorithm be individually approved by the board of directors.
  4. To enable regulators and internal staff to identify and locate each algorithm and its associated documentation. Correct answer.

Explanation

The framework requires firms to maintain a complete inventory of algorithms so that they can be readily identified and their documentation retrieved. This supports oversight, risk assessment, and regulatory inquiries. The other purposes are not part of the standard requirement.

Question 27Regulatory Framework and Compliance

When a firm uses a third-party algorithm, which party is ultimately responsible for ensuring compliance with the regulatory framework?

  1. The third-party vendor, because it developed and maintains the algorithm.
  2. The firm itself, because it retains responsibility for all trading activities conducted under its authorization. Correct answer.
  3. The regulator, because it approves the use of third-party algorithms.
  4. The trading venue, because it provides the platform on which the algorithm operates.

Explanation

The firm remains responsible for compliance with the framework even when using third-party algorithms; it cannot outsource its regulatory obligations. The vendor may have contractual responsibilities, but the firm is accountable to the regulator.

Question 28Regulatory Framework and Compliance

Which of the following best describes the framework's expectation regarding the segregation of duties in algorithmic trading operations?

  1. Compliance staff should report directly to the head of trading to align business and regulatory objectives.
  2. Developers should also be responsible for production monitoring to ensure rapid issue resolution.
  3. The same team should handle both pre-trade risk controls and post-trade surveillance to ensure consistency.
  4. Individuals who develop or modify algorithms should not be the same individuals who approve their deployment or monitor their operation. Correct answer.

Explanation

Segregation of duties requires that development, approval, and monitoring be performed by different individuals or teams to prevent conflicts of interest and reduce the risk of undetected errors. This separation is a core governance principle in the framework.

Question 29Regulatory Framework and Compliance

Which of the following is typically required for the audit trail of algorithmic trading activities?

  1. Records must be kept for a minimum of one month.
  2. Only the final executed trades need to be recorded.
  3. Audit trails may be maintained in any format as long as they are accessible to the firm.
  4. All order messages, including cancellations and modifications, must be recorded with timestamps. Correct answer.

Explanation

The framework requires a complete and accurate audit trail of all order-related activities, including messages that are not executed, with precise timestamps. This enables reconstruction of trading activity for regulatory review.

Question 30Regulatory Framework and Compliance

A firm's algorithm is designed to place orders on a trading venue. Before deployment, the firm must ensure that the algorithm complies with the venue's rules. Which of the following best describes this obligation?

  1. The firm must disclose the algorithm's source code to the venue.
  2. The firm must use only algorithms that have been certified by a third-party auditor.
  3. The firm must ensure the algorithm does not engage in conduct prohibited by the venue, such as excessive messaging. Correct answer.
  4. The firm must obtain prior approval from the venue for each algorithm.

Explanation

Firms are responsible for ensuring their algorithms comply with the rules of the trading venues they access, including prohibitions on disruptive trading practices. This is part of the firm's overall compliance obligation.

Question 31Regulatory Framework and Compliance

Which of the following best describes the framework's approach to the testing of algorithmic trading systems before they are deployed live?

  1. Testing is optional and may be skipped if the algorithm is based on a proven third-party product.
  2. Testing must include both unit testing and integration testing, and be documented. Correct answer.
  3. Testing must be conducted in a production environment to ensure realistic conditions.
  4. Testing is only required for algorithms that execute more than a specified number of orders per day.

Explanation

The framework requires firms to test algorithms thoroughly before deployment, including unit and integration testing, and to document the testing process and results. This helps ensure the algorithm behaves as intended.

Question 32Regulatory Framework and Compliance

A firm discovers that one of its algorithms has been operating without the required annual review. What is the most appropriate immediate action?

  1. Document the oversight in the next quarterly compliance report without interrupting trading.
  2. Continue operating the algorithm until the next scheduled review cycle.
  3. Report the oversight to the regulator and await instructions before taking any action.
  4. Suspend the algorithm until the review is completed and any issues are addressed. Correct answer.

Explanation

When a required review is overdue, the firm should take prompt action to ensure the algorithm is not operating without proper oversight. Suspending the algorithm until the review is completed is the most prudent step to mitigate risk.

Question 33Regulatory Framework and Compliance

Which of the following best describes the framework's expectation for the content of an algorithm's documentation?

  1. It should include a high-level summary only, to protect proprietary information.
  2. It should describe the algorithm's purpose, key parameters, and risk controls. Correct answer.
  3. It should be limited to the source code and technical specifications.
  4. It should be updated only when the algorithm is decommissioned.

Explanation

Documentation for an algorithm should provide a clear description of its purpose, how it works, key parameters, and the risk controls in place. This enables effective oversight and understanding by compliance and other stakeholders.

Question 34Regulatory Framework and Compliance

A firm plans to deploy a new algorithm that will interact with multiple trading venues. Which of the following is a key compliance consideration?

  1. The firm must register the algorithm with the regulator before deployment.
  2. The algorithm must be approved by each venue before it can be used there.
  3. The firm must ensure the algorithm complies with the rules of each venue, which may differ. Correct answer.
  4. The algorithm must use a single order type across all venues to simplify compliance.

Explanation

When an algorithm operates on multiple venues, the firm must ensure it complies with the specific rules of each venue, as these may vary. This requires careful review and adaptation of the algorithm's behavior.

Question 35Regulatory Framework and Compliance

Which of the following best describes the framework's requirement for the reporting of algorithmic trading incidents?

  1. Incidents must be reported to the regulator within 24 hours of occurrence.
  2. Incidents must be reported only if they result in a financial loss.
  3. Incidents must be reported to the board of directors but not to the regulator.
  4. Incidents must be reported to the regulator as soon as practicable, with a detailed follow-up report. Correct answer.

Explanation

The framework requires firms to report significant algorithmic trading incidents to the regulator promptly, often followed by a more detailed report. The exact timing may vary, but prompt notification is expected.

Question 36Regulatory Framework and Compliance

A firm's algorithm is designed to provide liquidity by continuously quoting two-sided prices. Which of the following is a key regulatory consideration?

  1. The algorithm must be approved by the exchange as a designated market maker.
  2. The algorithm must not engage in conduct that could be considered market manipulation, such as layering. Correct answer.
  3. The algorithm must disclose its quoting strategy to the public.
  4. The algorithm must maintain quotes for a minimum percentage of the trading day.

Explanation

Even when providing liquidity, the algorithm must not engage in manipulative practices such as layering or spoofing. Compliance with market conduct rules is essential regardless of the strategy.

Question 37Regulatory Framework and Compliance

Which of the following best describes the framework's expectation regarding the use of kill switches in algorithmic trading?

  1. Kill switches are optional and only necessary for high-frequency trading strategies.
  2. Kill switches must be tested regularly and be readily accessible to authorized personnel. Correct answer.
  3. Kill switches must automatically trigger whenever an order is rejected.
  4. Kill switches should be controlled exclusively by the algorithm's developer.

Explanation

The framework expects firms to have kill switches that can immediately stop an algorithm, and these must be regularly tested and accessible to authorized staff. This ensures a rapid response to malfunction.

Question 38Regulatory Framework and Compliance

A firm uses an algorithm that employs machine learning and adapts its behavior over time. Which of the following is a significant compliance challenge under the framework?

  1. Preventing the algorithm from accessing historical data.
  2. Requiring the algorithm to be re-approved by the regulator each time it updates.
  3. Ensuring the algorithm's behavior remains within the approved parameters and can be explained. Correct answer.
  4. Ensuring the algorithm uses only open-source libraries.

Explanation

Machine learning algorithms can change behavior over time, making it challenging to ensure they remain within approved parameters and that their actions can be explained to regulators. Firms must implement controls to monitor and constrain such algorithms.

Question 39Regulatory Framework and Compliance

Which of the following best describes the framework's requirement for the annual review of algorithmic trading systems?

  1. The review is only required for algorithms that have caused a loss.
  2. The review must cover the algorithm's performance, risk controls, and compliance with the framework. Correct answer.
  3. The review must be conducted by an external auditor.
  4. The review may be waived if the algorithm has not been modified during the year.

Explanation

The annual review should be comprehensive, covering the algorithm's performance, the effectiveness of its risk controls, and its compliance with regulatory requirements. This ensures ongoing oversight.

Question 40Regulatory Framework and Compliance

A firm's algorithm is designed to execute a trading strategy that relies on rapid order cancellations. Which of the following is the most relevant regulatory concern?

  1. The algorithm must maintain a minimum order-to-trade ratio.
  2. The algorithm may be considered to be engaging in excessive messaging that could disrupt the market. Correct answer.
  3. The algorithm must disclose its cancellation strategy to other market participants.
  4. The algorithm must be approved by the exchange as a high-frequency trader.

Explanation

Rapid order cancellations can lead to excessive messaging, which may be considered disruptive under market conduct rules. Firms must ensure such strategies do not violate venue or regulatory requirements.

Question 41Animal Care and Husbandry

Which of the following best describes the purpose of enrichment in a captive animal program?

  1. To provide stimuli that encourage species-typical behaviors and reduce boredom Correct answer.
  2. To increase the animal's food intake for faster growth
  3. To shorten the daily cleaning routine for staff
  4. To make animals easier to handle during transport

Explanation

Environmental enrichment is designed to give animals opportunities to express natural behaviors, which supports psychological well-being and reduces abnormal behaviors. It is not primarily about growth, staffing efficiency, or handling convenience.

Question 42Animal Care and Husbandry

A daily observation log in an animal facility should primarily record which of the following?

  1. Appetite, behavior, and physical condition of each animal Correct answer.
  2. Staff shift schedules
  3. Building maintenance requests
  4. Vendor contact information

Explanation

Health and behavior records are the core of animal observation logs because they allow early detection of illness or injury. Administrative and facility items belong in separate records.

Question 43Animal Care and Husbandry

What is the most appropriate water source practice for most mammals in captivity?

  1. Water replaced once every three days
  2. Continuous access to clean, fresh water Correct answer.
  3. Water provided only when the animal appears thirsty
  4. Water offered only during feeding times

Explanation

Most mammals require free access to clean water to maintain hydration and normal physiology. Restricting water to meals or to signs of thirst risks dehydration and health problems.

Question 44Animal Care and Husbandry

Which term describes animals that maintain a relatively constant body temperature through internal metabolic heat production?

  1. Ectotherms
  2. Endotherms Correct answer.
  3. Heterotherms
  4. Poikilotherms

Explanation

Endotherms generate and regulate body heat internally, keeping temperature stable across environmental changes. Ectotherms rely mainly on external heat sources.

Question 45Animal Care and Husbandry

When cleaning an enclosure between animals, why is a detergent step followed by a disinfectant step?

  1. The two steps are interchangeable and only one is needed
  2. Detergent neutralizes the disinfectant to prevent harm
  3. Disinfectant removes debris while detergent kills pathogens
  4. Detergent removes organic matter so the disinfectant can contact surfaces effectively Correct answer.

Explanation

Organic material such as feces and food residue can inactivate many disinfectants, so surfaces must be cleaned first. Detergent lifts soil, then the disinfectant can work on exposed surfaces.

Question 46Animal Care and Husbandry

Which of the following is a sign of pain or distress in many mammal species?

  1. Guarding of a body area and reduced appetite Correct answer.
  2. Increased exploratory behavior
  3. Increased grooming of conspecifics
  4. Regular stretching after rest

Explanation

Guarding a painful area and reduced appetite are common indicators of pain across many mammals. Normal stretching and exploration are typical healthy behaviors.

Question 47Animal Care and Husbandry

What is the primary reason for quarantining newly arrived animals?

  1. To satisfy record-keeping requirements only
  2. To allow animals to gain weight before display
  3. To reduce the risk of introducing infectious disease to the resident population Correct answer.
  4. To train animals for handling procedures

Explanation

Quarantine separates new animals so latent or incubating infections do not spread to established animals. It is a disease-control measure, not a training or paperwork exercise.

Question 48Animal Care and Husbandry

Which housing parameter is most directly controlled by providing appropriate bedding and nesting material?

  1. Thermal comfort and the ability to build a nest Correct answer.
  2. Photoperiod length
  3. Ambient humidity of the room
  4. Water quality in the enclosure

Explanation

Bedding insulates animals from cold surfaces and allows nest-building, supporting thermal comfort and natural behavior. It does not regulate room humidity, water quality, or light cycles.

Question 49Animal Care and Husbandry

An animal care technician notices a mammal is eating normally but has steadily lost weight over two weeks. What is the most appropriate first action?

  1. Move the animal to a larger enclosure
  2. Record the observation and report it to the veterinarian for evaluation Correct answer.
  3. Increase the amount of food offered without further assessment
  4. Assume the weight loss is seasonal and continue monitoring monthly

Explanation

Unexplained weight loss warrants documentation and veterinary assessment because it can indicate disease, dental problems, or social stress. Simply increasing food may mask an underlying problem.

Question 50Animal Care and Husbandry

A social rodent species is housed alone and begins showing repetitive pacing. Which change best addresses the underlying cause?

  1. Remove all enrichment to simplify the environment
  2. Increase the room temperature
  3. Add a compatible conspecific or provide social housing where appropriate Correct answer.
  4. Reduce the photoperiod to four hours

Explanation

Stereotypic pacing in a social species often reflects social deprivation, so restoring appropriate social housing addresses the root cause. Environmental changes like temperature or removing enrichment do not resolve social needs.