Social Studies 30-1 flashcards
Social Studies 30-1 · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Ideology
- A coherent set of beliefs and values about human nature, society, and government that shapes how people interpret events and justify political action.
- Individualism
- A value that places the rights, interests, and autonomy of the single person above the collective, holding that people should pursue their own goals.
- Collectivism
- A value holding that the group, whether community, class, or nation, takes priority over the individual, and shared goals justify limits on personal freedom.
- Liberalism
- An ideology stressing individual rights, equality of opportunity, rule of law, and limited government, with citizens consenting to be governed.
- Classical liberalism
- An early form of liberalism favouring minimal government, free markets, private property, and individual economic freedom, associated with Adam Smith and laissez-faire.
- Modern liberalism
- A twentieth-century form of liberalism that accepts state intervention to reduce inequality and provide services such as public health care and welfare.
- Conservatism
- An ideology that emphasizes tradition, order, and gradual change, preferring stability and established institutions over rapid reform of society.
- The Enlightenment
- An eighteenth-century intellectual movement that promoted reason, science, and individual rights over tradition and religious authority, inspiring liberal revolutions.
- Absolutism
- A system in which one monarch holds unrestricted power, claiming to rule by divine right without consent of the people or legal limits.
- Divine right of kings
- The belief that a monarch's authority comes directly from God, so obedience is a religious duty and rebellion is a sin.
- Fascism
- An ultranationalist, totalitarian ideology that glorifies the state and leader, suppresses dissent, and rejects liberalism, democracy, and class conflict.
- Ultranationalism
- An extreme nationalism that places one nation's interests above all others and often justifies aggression toward or persecution of outsiders.
- Totalitarianism
- A form of government that controls nearly every aspect of public and private life through one party, propaganda, secret police, and censorship.
- Communism
- A collectivist ideology holding that class conflict will end with workers seizing the means of production and creating a classless, property-free society.
- Reign of Terror
- A phase of the French Revolution in 1793 and 1794 when Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety executed thousands of supposed enemies of the revolution.
- Collectivization
- Stalin's policy of merging private farms into state-run collective farms, used to fund rapid industrialization and crush peasant resistance in the USSR.
- Rule of law
- The principle that everyone, including rulers, is subject to the same publicly known laws, applied equally and enforced through fair procedures.
- Harm principle
- John Stuart Mill's rule that individuals should be free to act as they wish unless their actions harm other people.
- Separation of powers
- Montesquieu's principle that legislative, executive, and judicial powers should be held by different bodies so that no one group can become tyrannical.
- Social contract
- The idea that people surrender some freedom to a government in exchange for protection and order, and may resist if it breaks that trust.
- Laissez-faire
- An economic principle meaning leave alone: governments should avoid regulating or interfering with markets, prices, and private business activity.
- Welfare state
- A system in which government takes responsibility for citizens' basic well-being through pensions, health care, and unemployment insurance funded by taxation.
- Notwithstanding clause
- Section 33 of the Canadian Charter allowing federal or provincial governments to override certain Charter rights temporarily through ordinary legislation.
- Equality of opportunity
- The liberal principle that all people should have the same chance to succeed regardless of birth, wealth, sex, or background.
- Active citizenship
- Citizenship that goes beyond legal status, involving participation such as voting, volunteering, joining interest groups, and advocating for change.
- Civil disobedience
- A deliberate, nonviolent breach of a law to protest injustice, usually accepting punishment to show commitment to the cause.
- Social citizenship
- The idea that citizens hold a right to a decent standard of living and access to services such as education and health care.
- Political apathy
- A lack of interest in or engagement with politics, shown by low voter turnout, weak party membership, and little public debate.
- Multiculturalism
- Canada's official policy of recognizing and supporting cultural diversity, encouraging groups to preserve their heritage within a shared society.
- Globalization
- The growing interconnection of economies, cultures, and communications across national borders, which affects jobs, identity, and state sovereignty.
- Interest group
- An organization of people sharing a concern that lobbies government to influence policy, such as a union, business association, or environmental group.
- Universal suffrage
- The right of nearly all adult citizens to vote regardless of wealth, sex, race, or religion, achieved gradually in liberal democracies.