Torts
Intentional Torts and Negligence
Intentional torts require intent (purpose or substantial certainty) plus causation. Battery (harmful or offensive contact), assault (apprehension), false imprisonment, IIED (extreme and outrageous conduct), trespass, conversion. Defenses: consent, self-defense, necessity.
Negligence: duty (Cardozo foreseeability or Andrews), breach (reasonable person; professionals; children; landowners - no duty to trespassers except known or anticipated, warning of known dangers to licensees, reasonable inspection for invitees), actual cause (but-for) and proximate cause (foreseeability; intervening causes). Res ipsa loquitur requires exclusive control and an injury that ordinarily does not occur without negligence. Negligence per se requires the statute's class and harm. Defenses: comparative negligence and assumption of risk.
Strict Liability and Products
Animals (wild strict; domestic if known propensity), abnormally dangerous activities, and products liability (manufacturing, design, warning; foreseeable use; learned intermediary). Defamation: publication, defamatory meaning, damages; public figures need actual malice. Privacy torts: intrusion, disclosure, false light, appropriation.
Damages and Traps
Eggshell plaintiff; mitigation; joint and several liability. Traps: no duty to rescue absent a special relationship; firefighter's rule; economic loss rule; unforeseeable intervening criminal acts usually cut off proximate cause.
Worked example: a driver speeds through a red light and hits a pedestrian - negligence per se if the statute was designed to protect pedestrians from this type of harm; causation must still be shown.