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emerit Director of Housekeeping / TCM study materials
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emerit Director of Housekeeping / TCM practice questions

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Question 1Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

In a standard hotel guestroom, which item is normally replaced on a daily basis rather than on a change-of-occupancy basis?

  1. Bath towels Correct answer.
  2. Bedspread
  3. Mattress pad
  4. Decorative pillow cover

Explanation

Bath towels are a personal-contact linen item and are exchanged daily in standard service, or whenever they are left on the floor. Items such as mattress pads, bedspreads and decorative covers are changed between guests or when soiled, not every day.

Question 2Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

A room attendant is cleaning an occupied room and finds a guest's laptop open on the desk. What is the standard correct practice?

  1. Close the laptop and move it to the side to dust the desk
  2. Unplug the laptop to clean the cables behind it
  3. Photograph the desk before cleaning
  4. Leave the item untouched and clean around it Correct answer.

Explanation

Guests' personal belongings and electronic devices should not be moved, opened, closed or unplugged by room attendants. Cleaning around the item protects the guest's property and privacy and avoids damage claims.

Question 3Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

What is the primary purpose of the 'Do Not Disturb' indicator on a guestroom door?

  1. To signal that the room is ready for inspection
  2. To indicate that minibar service is required
  3. To mark rooms scheduled for deep cleaning
  4. To tell staff the guest does not wish to be disturbed Correct answer.

Explanation

The Do Not Disturb signal communicates the guest's wish for privacy, and staff must respect it. Housekeeping records the room and follows up later rather than entering or calling.

Question 4Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

Which housekeeping status means a room is clean, inspected and ready for a new arrival?

  1. Occupied clean
  2. Vacant dirty
  3. Out of order
  4. Vacant clean Correct answer.

Explanation

Vacant clean indicates the room has no guest, has been cleaned and is available for sale. Occupied clean still has a guest in residence, and vacant dirty has not yet been serviced.

Question 5Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

When making a bed, why are fitted sheets checked for elastic integrity before use?

  1. To verify the sheet has been ironed
  2. To ensure the sheet stays anchored and presents a smooth sleeping surface Correct answer.
  3. To confirm the sheet matches the room's colour scheme
  4. To check the thread count label

Explanation

A fitted sheet with worn elastic will slip off the mattress and create wrinkles and an untidy bed. Inspecting the elastic ensures the sheet grips the corners and gives a smooth, secure surface.

Question 6Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

Which practice best prevents cross-contamination when cleaning bathrooms?

  1. Rinsing cloths in the guest's sink
  2. Reusing a cloth until it looks visibly soiled
  3. Colour-coded cloths for different zones Correct answer.
  4. Using the same cloth from the toilet to the basin

Explanation

Colour-coded cloths assign a distinct cloth to each zone, such as toilet, basin and shower, so pathogens are not transferred between surfaces. Reusing one cloth spreads contamination across the bathroom.

Question 7Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

What does turndown service typically include?

  1. Removing used linen and replacing all towels
  2. Full bathroom deep cleaning
  3. Shampooing carpets
  4. Folding back the bed, refreshing the room and restocking amenities Correct answer.

Explanation

Turndown is an evening service that prepares the room for sleep, usually folding back the bed linen, emptying bins, refreshing towels and restocking amenities. It is not a substitute for full cleaning or carpet care.

Question 8Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

What is the correct action when a room attendant finds a used syringe in a guestroom?

  1. Use tongs or a sharps container and follow the bloodborne pathogen procedure Correct answer.
  2. Pick it up with gloved hands and place it in the waste bin
  3. Leave it for the next shift to handle
  4. Flush it down the toilet

Explanation

Sharps must never be handled by hand or placed in ordinary waste. Staff use appropriate tools or a sharps container and follow the property's exposure-control procedure, then report the finding.

Question 9Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

A guest requests extra pillows and a baby cot at 21:00. How should housekeeping respond?

  1. Promise delivery the next morning
  2. Explain that requests after 20:00 cannot be met
  3. Deliver the pillows immediately and confirm the cot delivery time Correct answer.
  4. Advise the guest to collect items from the linen room

Explanation

Guest requests should be fulfilled promptly, and where an item such as a cot requires assembly or a safety check, the guest is given a confirmed delivery time. Delaying or refusing reasonable requests damages service quality.

Question 10Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

A supervisor inspects a room and finds the mirror streaked and the toilet bowl rim soiled. What is the most appropriate follow-up?

  1. Release the room to the front office and note the defects later
  2. Record the defects and return the room to the attendant for re-cleaning Correct answer.
  3. Clean the items personally and say nothing
  4. Mark the room out of order

Explanation

Inspection defects must be documented and the room re-cleaned and re-inspected before release. Releasing a substandard room exposes the hotel to guest complaints and undermines the inspection system.

Question 11Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

Why should a room attendant avoid overloading a housekeeping cart?

  1. It improves the cart's appearance
  2. It reduces the number of rooms that can be serviced
  3. It risks injury and spills and slows safe movement through corridors Correct answer.
  4. It voids the manufacturer's warranty

Explanation

An overloaded cart is harder to push and steer, increasing the risk of musculoskeletal injury and of spills or collisions in corridors. Balanced loading keeps the cart stable and safe.

Question 12Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

A guest checks out early and the room is coded vacant dirty. A walk-in guest needs a room within 30 minutes. What is the best sequencing decision?

  1. Prioritise the room as a rush job and assign an attendant immediately Correct answer.
  2. Wait for the standard afternoon cleaning round
  3. Service the room last because it is already vacant
  4. Move the walk-in guest to an out-of-order room

Explanation

Vacant dirty rooms needed for immediate arrival should be flagged as rush rooms and serviced first. Prioritising by arrival pressure protects revenue and prevents the guest from waiting.

Question 13Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

What is the recommended practice for handling keys and key cards found in a vacated room?

  1. Place them in the next guest's room
  2. Return them to the front office or key control according to procedure Correct answer.
  3. Discard them in the guestroom waste bin
  4. Keep them in the cart for reuse

Explanation

Found key cards must go back to the front office or key control so the access record stays accurate and deactivated cards are handled correctly. Retaining or discarding them breaks key control.

Question 14Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

Which factor most directly determines the standard cleaning time allocated to a room?

  1. The number of lifts in the building
  2. The colour of the room's decor
  3. Room type, occupancy status and departure versus stayover Correct answer.
  4. The attendant's seniority

Explanation

Productivity standards are built from room type, whether the room is a departure or stayover, and its condition. These variables drive the minutes allocated per room in workload planning.

Question 15Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

A guestroom smells of damp and mustiness despite cleaning. What is the most appropriate first step?

  1. Investigate the source, such as the air-conditioning unit, bathroom or soft furnishings Correct answer.
  2. Mark the room out of order permanently
  3. Spray a strong air freshener to mask the odour
  4. Ignore it because the room is clean

Explanation

Odour control requires finding and removing the source, such as a blocked condensate drain, damp upholstery or a dirty filter. Masking the smell or blocking the room without diagnosis does not solve the problem.

Question 16Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

Which is the correct order for cleaning a guestroom?

  1. Dusting, then vacuuming, then bathroom
  2. Bed making, then bathroom, then dusting
  3. Bathroom, then bedroom surfaces, then vacuuming and final check Correct answer.
  4. Vacuuming, then bathroom, then bed making

Explanation

Working from the bathroom through bedroom surfaces to vacuuming and a final check follows a top-to-bottom, dirty-to-clean sequence. Vacuuming last captures dust that settles during cleaning.

Question 17Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

What is the main reason for documenting linen par levels and daily usage?

  1. To calculate laundry capacity and avoid shortages during peak occupancy Correct answer.
  2. To satisfy guest requests for extra towels
  3. To compare attendants' speed
  4. To decide the hotel's colour scheme

Explanation

Tracking par levels and usage lets managers plan laundry throughput and hold enough stock to cover peak occupancy and replacement cycles. It is a supply-planning control, not a performance or design tool.

Question 18Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

A guest reports that a towel has a stain after it was placed in the room. What is the best response?

  1. Note it in the log for the next shift
  2. Explain that the stain is only cosmetic
  3. Replace the item immediately, apologise and report the quality issue Correct answer.
  4. Ask the guest to exchange it at housekeeping

Explanation

Stained linen should never reach a guest, and the correct recovery is immediate replacement with an apology plus a report so the laundry or linen process is corrected. Defending or deferring the issue worsens the guest experience.

Question 19Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

Which control best reduces the risk of bedbugs spreading between rooms?

  1. Washing bedspreads less often
  2. Increasing air freshener use
  3. Rotating mattresses weekly
  4. Training attendants to inspect seams and report signs immediately Correct answer.

Explanation

Early detection depends on attendants inspecting mattress seams, headboards and luggage areas and reporting signs such as bites, casings or dark spots. Prompt reporting allows the room to be treated and contained.

Question 20Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

A room attendant is assigned 16 rooms, but the standard is 14 departure-equivalent credits. What is the most appropriate supervisory action?

  1. Reduce the inspection standard for that section
  2. Instruct the attendant to skip the bathroom in half the rooms
  3. Tell the attendant to work through the break without pay
  4. Rebalance the assignment or provide support so standards are maintained Correct answer.

Explanation

When workload exceeds the standard, supervisors rebalance rooms or add support so quality and safety are protected. Cutting corners, skipping breaks or lowering inspection standards creates risk and poor guest outcomes.

Question 21Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

An attendant reports a strong smell of gas near a guestroom. What is the correct immediate sequence?

  1. Evacuate and alert according to the emergency procedure without using switches Correct answer.
  2. Open the window and continue working
  3. Finish cleaning the room, then report at the end of the shift
  4. Spray air freshener and log the smell

Explanation

A suspected gas leak is a life-safety emergency requiring immediate evacuation and alerting under the property's emergency procedure, avoiding switches or flames. Cleaning continues only after the area is declared safe.

Question 22Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

A supervisor notices that inspection scores in one section are consistently high while guest complaints about that section keep rising. What does this most likely indicate?

  1. The guests are unusually demanding
  2. The attendants are falsifying room status
  3. The inspection criteria are not aligned with what guests actually notice Correct answer.
  4. The section has newer furniture

Explanation

A gap between high inspection scores and rising complaints suggests the inspection checklist is measuring the wrong things or is too lenient. The standards should be reviewed against guest feedback so inspections reflect the real guest experience.

Question 23Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

A property is converting to a linen-tracking system with RFID tags. Which benefit most directly supports housekeeping operations?

  1. It removes the need for par levels
  2. It eliminates the need for room inspections
  3. It guarantees stain removal
  4. It improves visibility of linen location and loss across the cycle Correct answer.

Explanation

RFID tracking gives visibility of where linen is in the laundry and room cycle and helps identify loss and shrinkage. It supports, but does not replace, inspections, par planning or stain treatment.

Question 24Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

During a full-house peak, a VIP arrival is assigned a room that was downgraded after a maintenance fault was found. What is the best decision?

  1. Reassign the VIP to a verified room and resolve the displaced booking Correct answer.
  2. Upgrade the VIP to an out-of-order room
  3. Release the faulty room and hope the guest does not notice
  4. Delay the VIP's check-in until the fault is repaired

Explanation

A room with a known fault must not be sold, so the priority is to move the VIP to a verified room and then resolve any displaced booking. Selling a known-defective room or an out-of-order room creates a worse failure.

Question 25Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

Which analysis best explains why a housekeeping department's cost per occupied room rose while productivity per attendant stayed flat?

  1. Linen loss, chemical waste or overtime costs increased independently of room output Correct answer.
  2. Attendants became slower at cleaning
  3. Occupancy fell sharply
  4. The number of rooms in the hotel increased

Explanation

If output per attendant is unchanged, the cost increase must come from inputs other than labour productivity, such as linen replacement, chemical consumption or overtime. Isolating these cost drivers is the correct analytical step.

Question 26Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

What is the primary purpose of a room status discrepancy report in housekeeping operations?

  1. To schedule deep-cleaning projects across the property
  2. To track the number of amenities consumed per floor
  3. To record guest complaints collected during the shift
  4. To reconcile differences between the front office room status and the housekeeping room status Correct answer.

Explanation

The discrepancy report compares the room status held by the front office with the status observed by room attendants, so that occupied, vacant, and out-of-order rooms are reconciled before errors reach guests. Resolving these mismatches protects security and billing accuracy and prevents assigning an occupied room to a new arrival.

Question 27Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

Which item is normally counted as part of the standard guestroom linen par for a room with one king bed?

  1. Four bath towels, four hand towels, and four washcloths
  2. No linen, because linen is supplied only on request
  3. Two bath towels, two hand towels, two washcloths, and one bath mat Correct answer.
  4. One bath towel, one hand towel, and one washcloth only

Explanation

A standard king room is typically set with two bath towels, two hand towels, two washcloths, and one bath mat, matching the double occupancy the bed allows. Par levels are then built from this per-room standard multiplied by occupancy and replacement factors.

Question 28Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

Which cleaning chemical should be used on a marble bathroom vanity to protect the surface?

  1. An abrasive scouring powder
  2. A vinegar and water solution
  3. A chlorine-based bathroom disinfectant
  4. A pH-neutral cleaner formulated for stone surfaces Correct answer.

Explanation

Marble is calcium-based and sensitive to acids and harsh alkalis, so a pH-neutral stone-formulated cleaner preserves the polished finish. Acidic or abrasive products etch the surface and dull the shine permanently.

Question 29Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

A room attendant must clean a departure room and a stayover room on the same corridor. Which approach best reflects standard sequencing priorities?

  1. Clean whichever room is closer to the service elevator
  2. Clean the departure room first so it can be released for sale Correct answer.
  3. Clean the stayover room first because the guest is present
  4. Clean both rooms simultaneously to save time

Explanation

Departure rooms are prioritized because returning them to sellable inventory supports arrivals and revenue. Stayover rooms can follow once vacant departures on the section are cleared, unless a guest requests a specific service time.

Question 30Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

An attendant finds a guestroom safe locked with no guest registered in the room. What is the most appropriate first action?

  1. Assign the room to a new arrival and let the guest use the safe as found
  2. Force the safe open immediately with available tools
  3. Report it to the supervisor and follow the property's safe-opening procedure with a witness Correct answer.
  4. Leave the safe untouched and mark the room as out of order indefinitely

Explanation

A locked safe in a vacant room is a security and liability matter that must be escalated to a supervisor and opened only under the documented procedure with a witness present. This protects any contents and creates an audit trail.

Question 31Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

Which practice best protects guest privacy when servicing a stayover room?

  1. Enter quietly with a master key to avoid disturbing the guest
  2. Knock, announce housekeeping, wait, and enter only after confirming the guest permits entry Correct answer.
  3. Service the room only when the guest is known to be at breakfast
  4. Ask the front office to call the room and then enter regardless of the answer

Explanation

Attendants must knock, identify themselves, pause long enough for a response, and enter only when it is safe and permitted. This respects privacy and avoids intruding on guests who are resting or dressing.

Question 32Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

A supervisor wants to verify that a newly hired attendant consistently makes beds to standard. Which method gives the most reliable evidence?

  1. Ask the attendant to describe the bed-making steps verbally
  2. Review the attendant's self-reported room completion times
  3. Conduct structured room inspections using the property's bed-making checklist over several rooms Correct answer.
  4. Watch a single bed being made once during training

Explanation

Structured inspections scored against a written checklist across multiple rooms show whether the standard is reproduced consistently under real conditions. A single observation or self-report cannot demonstrate reliability.

Question 33Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

Why should housekeeping carts be stocked to a defined par rather than filled to maximum capacity?

  1. A full cart prevents attendants from collecting soiled linen
  2. Excess weight and bulk increase injury risk and slow movement through corridors Correct answer.
  3. Overstocking voids the chemical warranty
  4. Carts must remain light enough to be lifted by two people

Explanation

Overloaded carts are harder to push, raise the risk of musculoskeletal injury, and can obstruct corridors and doorways. Stocking to a defined par balances productivity with safe handling and fire-code clearance.

Question 34Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

A room has been cleaned and inspected, but the air-conditioning unit is noisy and the front office still shows the room as ready. What is the correct action?

  1. Leave the status as ready because cleanliness has been verified
  2. Change the room status to out of order and inform the front office before it is assigned Correct answer.
  3. Place a comment card in the room apologizing for the noise
  4. Note the fault on the next shift's handover only

Explanation

A room with a functional fault that will disturb a guest must be removed from sellable inventory and communicated to the front office immediately. Cleanliness alone does not make a room ready if a fixture is defective.

Question 35Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

A property's housekeeping inspection scores are high, but comment cards repeatedly mention dusty skirting boards and grimy light switches. Which explanation best fits this pattern?

  1. The inspection checklist omits detailed high- and low-level cleaning points that guests notice Correct answer.
  2. Guests are exaggerating minor issues
  3. Attendants are deliberately skipping standard tasks
  4. Inspection scores measure only linen quality

Explanation

When scores are strong but complaints cluster around specific details, the checklist itself is likely incomplete and not sampling those touchpoints. Revising the inspection standard to include high- and low-level detail items closes the gap between measured and perceived quality.

Question 36Housekeeping Operations and Room Standards

Occupancy is steady, but cost per occupied room has risen while rooms cleaned per attendant-hour is unchanged. Which factor most plausibly explains this?

  1. A reduction in the number of rooms assigned per attendant
  2. Higher linen replacement and chemical costs per room Correct answer.
  3. An increase in the number of arrivals on the same day
  4. A shorter average length of guest stay

Explanation

Productivity is unchanged, so the rise must come from cost inputs rather than labor efficiency. Higher linen replacement and chemical costs per room raise cost per occupied room without altering rooms cleaned per hour.

Question 37Staffing, Scheduling, and Productivity Management

A hotel forecasts 420 occupied rooms for a given day. The housekeeping standard allows a room attendant to clean 14 rooms per shift. How many room attendant shifts are required to meet the forecast?

  1. 30 shifts Correct answer.
  2. 32 shifts
  3. 28 shifts
  4. 35 shifts

Explanation

Required shifts equal occupied rooms divided by the rooms-per-shift standard, so 420 divided by 14 equals 30 shifts. This calculation converts the occupancy forecast into the labour needed for the day.

Question 38Staffing, Scheduling, and Productivity Management

Which measure expresses how many rooms a room attendant cleans per paid hour worked?

  1. Average daily rate
  2. Rooms per hour productivity Correct answer.
  3. Occupancy percentage
  4. Labour cost percentage

Explanation

Rooms per hour is a productivity ratio dividing output (rooms cleaned) by input (paid hours). It lets managers compare attendants and shifts on a like-for-like basis.

Question 39Staffing, Scheduling, and Productivity Management

A housekeeping department must schedule enough attendants to cover a forecast of 560 rooms with a standard of 16 rooms per attendant. How many attendants are needed?

  1. 40
  2. 35 Correct answer.
  3. 32
  4. 38

Explanation

Dividing 560 forecast rooms by the 16-room standard gives 35 attendants. This is the base staffing figure before adding allowances for absenteeism or breaks.

Question 40Staffing, Scheduling, and Productivity Management

In a staffing schedule, what does the term 'FTE' stand for?

  1. Full-time equivalent Correct answer.
  2. Fixed task estimate
  3. Forecast turnover estimate
  4. Flexible time entry

Explanation

FTE means full-time equivalent, a unit expressing workload in terms of full-time positions. It allows part-time and full-time hours to be combined into a single comparable staffing figure.

Question 41Staffing, Scheduling, and Productivity Management

Which document shows each employee's assigned shift, days off, and work area for an upcoming period?

  1. The payroll register
  2. The capital budget
  3. The duty roster Correct answer.
  4. The purchase order

Explanation

The duty roster (or schedule) assigns employees to specific shifts, days off, and sections. It is the operational tool that communicates who works when and where.

Question 42Staffing, Scheduling, and Productivity Management

Why do housekeeping managers add an absenteeism allowance when converting forecast rooms into scheduled attendants?

  1. To increase the rooms-per-hour standard
  2. To cover expected no-shows and sick leave Correct answer.
  3. To lower the occupancy forecast
  4. To reduce the payroll budget

Explanation

An absenteeism allowance builds in a buffer so that forecast rooms are still cleaned when some scheduled staff fail to report. Without it, coverage falls short whenever absences occur.

Question 43Staffing, Scheduling, and Productivity Management

A hotel has 300 rooms and sells 240 of them on a given night. What is the occupancy percentage?

  1. 70 percent
  2. 85 percent
  3. 75 percent
  4. 80 percent Correct answer.

Explanation

Occupancy is rooms sold divided by rooms available, so 240 divided by 300 equals 0.80, or 80 percent. Occupancy drives how many rooms housekeeping must service.

Question 44Staffing, Scheduling, and Productivity Management

Which factor most directly increases the time needed to clean a room and therefore reduces rooms-per-hour productivity?

  1. A larger room with more amenities Correct answer.
  2. A higher average daily rate
  3. A longer front-desk queue
  4. A lower food cost percentage

Explanation

Room size and amenity count raise the physical cleaning workload, so each room takes longer and fewer rooms are completed per hour. Productivity standards should reflect room type and complexity.

Question 45Staffing, Scheduling, and Productivity Management

A department needs 40 attendant shifts per day. Each full-time attendant works 5 shifts per week. How many full-time attendants are needed to cover a 7-day week of 40 shifts daily?

  1. 64
  2. 48
  3. 40
  4. 56 Correct answer.

Explanation

Weekly shift demand is 40 shifts times 7 days, equal to 280 shifts. Dividing 280 by 5 shifts per attendant gives 56 full-time attendants.

Question 46Staffing, Scheduling, and Productivity Management

A housekeeping department has a payroll cost of 9,000 for a period and room revenue of 60,000. What is the labour cost percentage?

  1. 12 percent
  2. 20 percent
  3. 15 percent Correct answer.
  4. 18 percent

Explanation

Labour cost percentage equals payroll cost divided by revenue, so 9,000 divided by 60,000 equals 0.15, or 15 percent. This ratio helps managers judge staffing efficiency against revenue.

Question 47Staffing, Scheduling, and Productivity Management

What is the main purpose of a time-and-motion study in housekeeping?

  1. To determine the food cost of breakfast
  2. To forecast next year's occupancy
  3. To calculate the hotel's average daily rate
  4. To set a fair standard time for cleaning tasks Correct answer.

Explanation

A time-and-motion study measures how long tasks take and how they are performed, producing a defensible standard time. That standard then underpins realistic productivity targets and staffing calculations.

Question 48Staffing, Scheduling, and Productivity Management

A manager schedules more attendants on Saturday because occupancy is forecast to peak. Which scheduling principle is being applied?

  1. Fixed weekly rotation
  2. Seniority-based bidding
  3. Random allocation
  4. Demand-based scheduling Correct answer.

Explanation

Demand-based scheduling aligns labour supply with forecast workload, placing more staff when occupancy is highest. It controls cost while protecting service standards during busy periods.

Question 49Staffing, Scheduling, and Productivity Management

Which is the best response when actual rooms-per-hour productivity falls consistently below the standard?

  1. Raise the standard without investigation
  2. Ignore it because standards are only guidelines
  3. Investigate causes such as room mix, training, or equipment Correct answer.
  4. Reduce the number of rooms serviced

Explanation

A persistent gap between actual and standard productivity signals an underlying cause that should be diagnosed before action. Causes may include heavier room mix, inadequate training, or faulty equipment. Investigation leads to a targeted fix rather than arbitrary changes.

Question 50Staffing, Scheduling, and Productivity Management

A hotel forecasts 500 rooms and uses a standard of 15 rooms per attendant, plus a 10 percent absenteeism allowance. How many attendants should be scheduled?

  1. 40
  2. 33
  3. 35
  4. 37 Correct answer.

Explanation

Base requirement is 500 divided by 15, about 33.3 attendants. Adding a 10 percent allowance raises this to roughly 36.7, which rounds up to 37 attendants.