ROC-MC Practice Test flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Standard error of measurement

An index of score inconsistency equal to the standard deviation times the square root of one minus reliability; used to construct confidence intervals around an observed score.

Positive predictive value

The proportion of individuals who screen positive and truly have the condition; it rises with higher base rates and falls when prevalence is low.

Bipolar I vs II

Bipolar I requires at least one manic episode lasting seven days or requiring hospitalization; bipolar II requires hypomanic and major depressive episodes without mania.

Schizophreniform disorder duration

A psychotic disorder with symptoms identical to schizophrenia but lasting at least one month and less than six months, with eventual full return to functioning.

Unconditional positive regard

Rogers' core condition of accepting the client as a worthwhile person without evaluation or conditions of worth, fostering self-acceptance and therapeutic change.

Immediacy in counseling

A skill of discussing the current moment of the counseling relationship, including feelings, patterns, and alliance ruptures, to deepen the therapeutic process.

Transference and countertransference

Transference is the client's projection of past relational feelings onto the counselor; countertransference is the counselor's unresolved emotional reactions to the client.

Working alliance components

Bordin's three-part alliance: agreement on goals, agreement on tasks, and an emotional bond between client and counselor; it predicts treatment outcome.

Behavioral activation

A depression intervention scheduling mastery and pleasure activities to increase reinforcement and reduce avoidance, based on the idea that activity improves mood.

OARS in motivational interviewing

Core MI skills: open-ended questions, affirmations, reflections, and summaries; used to evoke change talk and strengthen client commitment.

Exposure hierarchy

A ranked list of feared situations rated on a subjective units of distress scale (0–100), used to guide graded exposure from lower to higher anxiety.

DBT four modules

Mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness; delivered through skills group, individual therapy, coaching, and consultation team.

Tarasoff duty to protect

A legal duty arising when a client poses serious danger to an identifiable third party, requiring steps such as warning, notifying police, or hospitalization per jurisdiction.

Informed consent elements

Disclosure of treatment nature, risks, benefits, alternatives, right to withdraw, confidentiality limits, fees, and counselor qualifications, documented before services begin.

Mandatory reporting

A legal obligation to report suspected child abuse or neglect, elder abuse, and dependent adult abuse to designated authorities, overriding client confidentiality.

Multiple relationship

A situation in which the counselor holds another significant role with a client or someone closely associated with the client, creating potential exploitation or impaired objectivity.

Cultural humility

A lifelong process of self-reflection, redressing power imbalances in the clinical relationship, and building institutional accountability, distinct from static cultural competence.

Microaggression types

Microassaults are deliberate derogatory acts; microinsults are unintentional demeaning communications; microinvalidations dismiss or negate a person's lived experience.

Acculturation strategies

Berry's four strategies based on heritage and host culture maintenance: integration, assimilation, separation, and marginalization; integration generally shows best adjustment.

Intersectionality

Crenshaw's concept that overlapping social identities such as race, gender, class, and disability create unique experiences of privilege, discrimination, and clinical need.

Threats to internal validity

Factors other than the intervention that can explain outcomes, including history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, regression to the mean, selection, and attrition.

Statistical power

The probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis, equal to one minus beta; it increases with larger samples, larger effects, and lower variability.

Cohen's effect size conventions

For Cohen's d, 0.2 is small, 0.5 medium, and 0.8 large; for correlation r, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 are the corresponding benchmarks.

T-score conversion

A standard score with mean 50 and standard deviation 10, computed as T equals 50 plus 10 times the z-score; often used in personality and interest inventories.

Holland RIASEC types

Six vocational personality and work environment types: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional; person-environment congruence predicts satisfaction.

Super's career stages

Life-span stages of growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, and decline, through which vocational self-concept develops and is implemented in work roles.

Social cognitive career theory

Lent, Brown, and Hackett's model in which self-efficacy beliefs, outcome expectations, and goals mediate career interests, choices, and performance.

Indecision versus indecisiveness

Indecision is a normal developmental difficulty in choosing a career; indecisiveness is a pervasive, anxiety-related trait that impairs decisions across life domains.

Discrimination model of supervision

Bernard's model in which supervisors choose teacher, counselor, or consultant roles to address supervisee intervention, conceptualization, and personalization needs.

Supervision gatekeeping duty

The supervisor's ethical responsibility to remediate, restrict, or dismiss supervisees whose performance or conduct makes them unsuitable for professional practice.

Consultee-centered case consultation

A consultation approach focused on improving the consultee's knowledge, skill, confidence, or objectivity rather than directly on the client's presenting problem.

Supervision contract

A written agreement specifying supervision goals, methods, evaluation criteria, confidentiality limits, and due-process procedures for resolving disagreements.