PEBC Part I (MCQ) flashcards
PEBC Part I (MCQ) · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
- pH equals pKa plus log of the ratio of conjugate base to weak acid; for a weak base, use the pKa of its conjugate acid.
- Renal clearance formula
- Clearance equals urine concentration times urine flow rate divided by plasma concentration; inulin clearance estimates glomerular filtration rate, while para-aminohippurate clearance estimates effective renal plasma flow.
- Competitive inhibition kinetics
- A competitive inhibitor binds the active site reversibly, increases apparent Km, and leaves Vmax unchanged because high substrate concentration can outcompete the inhibitor.
- IgG versus IgM
- IgG crosses the placenta, fixes complement, and dominates secondary responses; IgM is the first antibody produced in a primary response and is a potent complement activator.
- Volume of distribution
- Vd equals the amount of drug in the body divided by plasma concentration; it estimates the apparent space into which a drug distributes and helps calculate loading doses.
- First-order half-life
- For first-order elimination, half-life equals 0.693 divided by the elimination rate constant; steady state is approached after about four to five half-lives.
- Bioavailability formula
- Oral bioavailability equals the oral AUC divided by intravenous AUC, multiplied by the intravenous dose divided by the oral dose; it measures the fraction reaching systemic circulation.
- Prodrug definition
- A prodrug is an inactive derivative that undergoes enzymatic or chemical biotransformation in the body to release the active drug; enalapril is converted to enalaprilat.
- Warfarin INR monitoring
- Warfarin therapy is monitored with the INR; most indications target 2.0 to 3.0, while mechanical mitral valves often target 2.5 to 3.5.
- Metformin contraindication
- Metformin is contraindicated when estimated glomerular filtration rate falls below 30 mL/min/1.73 m2; it is held around iodinated contrast when acute kidney injury risk is present.
- Vancomycin infusion reaction
- Rapid vancomycin infusion can cause histamine-mediated flushing, erythema, and hypotension known as red man syndrome; slowing the infusion and giving antihistamines prevents or treats it.
- Asthma controller therapy
- Inhaled corticosteroids are the preferred long-term controller for persistent asthma; long-acting beta-2 agonists are added only in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid, never as monotherapy.
- Alligation method
- Alligation calculates the ratio of two strengths needed to prepare a desired strength: parts of high strength to low strength equal desired minus low to high minus desired.
- Creatinine clearance Cockcroft-Gault
- Cockcroft-Gault estimates creatinine clearance as (140 minus age) times weight divided by 72 times serum creatinine, multiplied by 0.85 for female patients.
- Sodium chloride equivalent
- The sodium chloride equivalent method multiplies the grams of each ingredient by its E value, sums the NaCl equivalents, and adds sodium chloride to reach 0.9% tonicity.
- Informed consent elements
- Valid informed consent requires patient capacity, voluntary choice, disclosure of material risks and benefits, and understanding; substitute decision-makers act when capacity is absent.
- Prescription advertising restriction
- Canada prohibits direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs; reminder advertising is limited to name, price, quantity, and similar non-promotional information.
- Controlled drug recordkeeping
- Controlled drugs require secure storage, accurate inventory records, and prescription retention; federal law sets requirements, while provincial colleges add dispensing and reporting rules.
- Tall man lettering
- Tall man lettering uses mixed capitalization to distinguish look-alike drug names, such as hydrOXYzine from hydrALAZINE, reducing selection and dispensing errors.
- Medication reconciliation
- Medication reconciliation obtains the best possible medication history, compares it with current orders at transitions, and resolves discrepancies to prevent unintended changes.
- High-alert medications
- High-alert medications carry a heightened risk of harmful error; examples include insulin, heparin, opioids, chemotherapy, and concentrated electrolytes, which require independent double-checks.
- Health belief model
- The health belief model predicts preventive behavior from perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy.
- Stages of change
- The transtheoretical model describes precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance, with relapse possible; interventions should match the patient's current stage.
- ICER calculation
- The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio equals the difference in cost between two options divided by the difference in health effect; lower ratios indicate better value.
- Teach-back method
- Teach-back asks the patient to explain medication instructions in their own words; it confirms understanding and reveals gaps without shaming the patient.
- SBAR handover
- SBAR structures communication as Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation; it improves completeness and safety during interprofessional handoffs.
- Herd immunity threshold
- The herd immunity threshold is approximately 1 minus 1/R0, where R0 is the basic reproduction number; higher R0 requires a larger immune fraction.
- Primary prevention
- Primary prevention acts before disease occurs, such as immunization or smoking prevention; secondary prevention detects early disease, and tertiary prevention limits disability.
- Ottawa Charter actions
- The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion lists building healthy public policy, creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, developing personal skills, and reorienting health services.
- Number needed to treat
- Number needed to treat equals 1 divided by absolute risk reduction; absolute risk reduction equals control event rate minus treatment event rate.
- Sensitivity and specificity
- Sensitivity equals true positives divided by true positives plus false negatives; specificity equals true negatives divided by true negatives plus false positives.
- Intention-to-treat analysis
- Intention-to-treat analysis includes participants in their randomized groups regardless of adherence; it preserves randomization and avoids overestimating treatment benefit.