RCIS flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Cardiac index formula

Cardiac index equals cardiac output divided by body surface area, with a normal range of 2.5 to 4.0 L/min/m2 in adults.

Systemic vascular resistance formula

SVR equals (mean arterial pressure minus central venous pressure) multiplied by 80 and divided by cardiac output; normal is 800 to 1200 dyn·s·cm⁻⁵.

Pulmonary vascular resistance formula

PVR equals (mean pulmonary artery pressure minus pulmonary capillary wedge pressure) times 80 divided by cardiac output; normal is under 3 Wood units.

Transpulmonary gradient

Mean pulmonary artery pressure minus pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; a value greater than 12 mmHg suggests pulmonary vascular disease rather than left heart disease.

Cardiac tamponade signs

Equalization of diastolic pressures, blunted y descent on right atrial tracing, pulsus paradoxus, and elevated right atrial pressure with hypotension.

Fick cardiac output

Cardiac output equals oxygen consumption divided by the arteriovenous oxygen content difference; requires measured VO2 and paired blood samples.

Mean arterial pressure formula

MAP equals diastolic pressure plus one third of the pulse pressure, or (systolic plus twice diastolic) divided by three.

Gorlin aortic valve area

Aortic valve area equals cardiac output divided by 44.3 times the square root of the mean transvalvular gradient, using flow in mL/s.

Severe aortic stenosis criteria

Aortic valve area less than 1.0 cm², mean gradient at least 40 mmHg, or peak velocity at least 4.0 m/s indicates severe stenosis.

Coronary dominance definition

Right dominance occurs when the right coronary artery supplies the posterior descending artery, present in about 85 percent of individuals.

Left anterior descending supply

The LAD supplies the anterior left ventricular wall, anterior septum, and apex; proximal occlusion causes anterior infarction and impaired ejection fraction.

Frank-Starling relationship

Increasing preload increases stroke volume up to a physiologic plateau, after which further ventricular distension reduces effective contraction and worsens congestion.

Mitral stenosis severity

Mitral valve area above 1.5 cm² is mild, 1.0 to 1.5 cm² is moderate, and below 1.0 cm² is severe mitral stenosis.

Coronary diastolic flow

Left ventricular coronary flow occurs mainly during diastole; tachycardia shortens diastolic time and can precipitate ischemia in stenotic vessels.

SA node blood supply

The sinoatrial node is supplied by the right coronary artery in about 60 percent of people and by the circumflex in the remainder.

LAO cranial view utility

Left anterior oblique with cranial angulation opens the mid and distal LAD and diagonal branches for assessment of stenosis.

RAO cranial view utility

Right anterior oblique with cranial angulation displays the LAD and septal perforators and is useful for proximal LAD lesions.

Caudal angulation effect

Caudal angulation opens the left main bifurcation and circumflex, separating the circumflex from the LAD in foreshortened segments.

OCT versus IVUS

Optical coherence tomography uses near-infrared light with about 10 micron resolution and requires contrast clearance of blood; IVUS uses ultrasound.

Quantitative coronary angiography

Edge-detection software measures reference vessel diameter and percent diameter stenosis from a selected angiographic frame after calibration.

Radiation dose reduction

Pulsed fluoroscopy, collimation, last-image hold, lower magnification, and increased table height reduce patient and operator radiation dose.

Cine frame rate

Coronary cineangiography is commonly acquired at 15 frames per second; higher rates improve temporal resolution but increase radiation dose.

Inverse square law

Doubling the distance from the radiation source reduces exposure to one quarter, making distance the most effective scatter protection.

Lead apron attenuation

A 0.5 mm lead-equivalent apron attenuates roughly 90 to 95 percent of scattered radiation at typical fluoroscopy energies.

French catheter sizing

One French equals one third of a millimeter; a 6 French catheter has an outer diameter of about 2 mm.

Dose-area product

DAP, expressed in Gy·cm², reflects total radiation delivered across the field and is used to estimate deterministic skin risk.

Synchronized cardioversion

The defibrillator is synchronized to the QRS complex for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation or organized tachycardias with a pulse.

Radial hemostasis

After radial access, a compression band is applied with patent hemostasis technique to maintain radial flow while preventing bleeding.

Femoral sheath removal

Manual compression for 15 to 20 minutes is applied after confirming ACT below 150 to 180 seconds and controlled blood pressure.

Contrast anaphylactoid reaction

Treat with airway support, oxygen, intravenous fluids, and intramuscular epinephrine 0.3 to 0.5 mg of 1:1000 solution in adults.

Contrast-induced nephropathy

Acute kidney injury after contrast exposure; prevention centers on isotonic saline hydration and minimizing contrast volume, especially in renal impairment.

Vasovagal reaction management

Bradycardia with hypotension during catheterization responds to supine positioning, leg elevation, intravenous fluids, and atropine if symptoms persist.