CCMHC flashcards

39 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Informed consent elements

Counselor discloses purpose, techniques, risks, benefits, confidentiality limits, fees, and right to withdraw; consent is ongoing and documented, and minors require guardian consent plus client assent.

Tarasoff duty

When a client poses a serious threat to an identifiable third party, the counselor must take protective action as defined by state law, such as warning the victim or notifying police.

Record retention standard

ACA recommends keeping clinical records for at least seven years after the last contact, or longer when state law or the client's minor status requires it.

Ethical decision-making steps

Identify the problem, apply the code, examine the dilemma's dimensions, brainstorm actions, consider consequences, select and implement a course, then evaluate the outcome.

Cultural encapsulation

Wrenn's term for a counselor's insulation from cultural differences, shown by rigid adherence to one set of assumptions and failure to consider the client's cultural context.

Microaggressions

Brief, commonplace indignities that communicate hostile or derogatory messages to members of marginalized groups; categories include microassaults, microinsults, and microinvalidations.

Berry acculturation strategies

Integration combines heritage maintenance with dominant-culture participation; assimilation drops heritage; separation retains heritage without participation; marginalization involves little of either.

Multicultural counseling competencies

Three dimensions: counselor awareness of personal biases, understanding of the client's worldview, and culturally appropriate intervention strategies, as outlined by Sue and colleagues.

Piaget concrete operational stage

Occurs roughly ages 7 to 11; children gain conservation, reversibility, and classification, and can reason logically about concrete events but not abstract hypotheses.

Erikson identity vs. role confusion

Adolescent psychosocial crisis resolved by forming a coherent sense of self; success yields fidelity, while failure yields uncertainty about identity and future roles.

Zone of proximal development

Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with guidance; scaffolding provides temporary support that is faded as competence grows.

Attachment patterns

Ainsworth identified secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant patterns in the Strange Situation; Main and Solomon later added disorganized/disoriented attachment.

Holland RIASEC types

Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional; congruence between a person's type and work environment predicts satisfaction and stability.

Super life-span theory

Career development unfolds across growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, and decline stages, and across life roles such as student, worker, citizen, and homemaker.

Gottfredson circumscription

Individuals narrow occupational choices by sex type, prestige, and field of work, then compromise by giving up preferred fields first and prestige last when choices conflict.

Work adjustment theory

Dawis and Lofquist propose that job tenure depends on correspondence between the person's abilities and job requirements and between the person's needs and job reinforcers.

Rogers core conditions

Unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding, and congruence/genuineness; person-centered theory holds these are necessary and sufficient for therapeutic personality change.

Motivational interviewing processes

Miller and Rollnick describe engaging, focusing, evoking, and planning; core skills include open questions, affirmations, reflections, and summaries, while avoiding the righting reflex.

Narrative therapy externalization

White and Epston separate the person from the problem by naming and externalizing it, then build preferred stories through unique outcomes that contradict the problem-saturated narrative.

Therapeutic alliance components

Bordin identified agreement on goals, agreement on tasks, and the emotional bond; ruptures in the alliance can be repaired and may strengthen the therapeutic relationship.

Yalom therapeutic factors

Curative elements of group therapy including universality, altruism, instillation of hope, cohesiveness, catharsis, interpersonal learning, and corrective recapitulation of the primary family.

Tuckman group stages

Forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning; leaders manage conflict during storming rather than suppress it, and plan termination during adjourning.

Group confidentiality limit

Leaders can require members to commit to confidentiality but cannot guarantee it; limits should be explained during screening and reviewed throughout the group's life.

Group co-leadership benefits

Co-leaders offer shared observation, model healthy interaction, and provide continuity during absences; costs include coordination time and the need for joint supervision.

Reliability vs. validity

Reliability is consistency of scores; validity is the degree to which evidence supports the intended interpretation. A test can be reliable without being valid, but not valid without reliability.

Standard score conversions

z-score mean 0 SD 1; T-score mean 50 SD 10; IQ standard score mean 100 SD 15; stanine mean 5 SD 2; percentile rank is not an equal-interval scale.

Sensitivity and specificity

Sensitivity is the proportion of true cases correctly identified; specificity is the proportion of non-cases correctly identified; positive predictive value also depends on base rate.

Suicide risk assessment

Directly ask about ideation, plan, intent, means, and prior attempts; assess protective factors, document the risk formulation, and create a safety plan with means restriction.

Internal validity threats

History, maturation, testing effects, instrumentation, regression to the mean, selection bias, and attrition can undermine causal inferences in a study.

Type I and Type II errors

Type I error is rejecting a true null hypothesis (false positive); Type II error is failing to reject a false null hypothesis (false negative); power equals 1 minus beta.

Effect size interpretation

Cohen's d values of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 are conventionally small, medium, and large; effect size indicates practical magnitude independent of statistical significance.

Major depressive disorder criteria

At least five symptoms for two weeks, including depressed mood or anhedonia, causing distress or impairment; specifiers include anxious distress, mixed features, and peripartum onset.

PTSD DSM-5-TR criteria

Exposure to actual or threatened death, injury, or sexual violence, plus intrusion, avoidance, negative cognitions/mood, and arousal symptoms lasting more than one month.

Substance use disorder severity

Severity is based on the number of criteria met in the past 12 months: 2–3 mild, 4–5 moderate, and 6 or more severe.

Treatment plan components

Presenting problem, measurable goals, objectives, interventions, responsible parties, timeline, and evaluation criteria; plans are developed collaboratively and updated as the client progresses.

Safety planning

Stanley and Brown's brief intervention lists warning signs, coping strategies, social and professional contacts, and means restriction; it differs from no-suicide contracts, which lack evidence.

Trauma-informed care principles

SAMHSA principles include safety, trustworthiness and transparency, peer support, collaboration and mutuality, empowerment and choice, and attention to cultural and historical issues.

Acute stress disorder timing

Acute stress disorder occurs from three days to one month after trauma; PTSD requires symptoms lasting more than one month.

Crisis intervention goal

Crisis intervention is time-limited, aims to restore equilibrium and ensure safety, and connects the client to ongoing care; it is not long-term psychotherapy.