Dipl. Treuhandexperte TREX HFP - independent subject foundations cheat sheet

Separate business activity and owner transactions while recording capital and drawings appropriately.

Apply the supplied earning and expense-allocation model rather than cash timing alone.

Prudence requires caution without deliberate bias.

Identify the applicable framework and version before applying detailed recognition rules.

Distinguish changes in estimates, policies and genuine errors.

Debit assets and expenses; credit liabilities, income and capital

Trade discount is deducted before recording; cash discount is recorded on payment

Credit notes issued go to sales returns; credit notes received go to purchases returns

A trial balance proves arithmetical equality, not accuracy

Errors of principle, commission, omission and reversal do not affect trial balance agreement

One-sided postings and addition errors do affect the difference

Corrections are made by journal, not by changing source documents

Cost of sales includes carriage inwards and excludes carriage outwards

Closing inventory affects both the trading account and the balance sheet

Drawings reduce capital and are never an expense

An increase in the doubtful debts provision is charged to profit and loss

Capital = opening capital + net profit − drawings

Issued capital and actual cash received are different concepts.

Share premium in the supplied par-value model is not sales revenue.

Distinguish equity distributions from interest on liabilities.

Prime cost includes direct materials consumed, direct labour and direct expenses

Cost of production adds production overheads and adjusts for work in progress

Selling and administration costs are not production costs

Inventory is valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value

Group boundaries depend on actual control requirements and rights.

IFRS10 is explicitly identified, not silently imposed on every jurisdiction.

Internal balances and transactions need reconciliation and elimination under the stated model.

Goodwill and noncontrolling interests need specified measurement assumptions.

A consolidation worksheet cannot invent unexplained balancing amounts.

Define incremental cash flows and the valuation date.

Discount rate, cash-flow timing and risk assumptions must be consistent.

NPV, IRR, payback and accounting return measure different things.

Expected value does not eliminate downside or estimation uncertainty.

Supplied model rates are not current market or tax facts.

Identify the engagement purpose, criteria and responsibilities.

An audit opinion is not an absolute guarantee.

Objectivity and ethics require analysis of actual threats and responsibilities.

Risk assessment links procedures to reasons a material error could arise.

Local legal powers and professional adoption are not inferred from international labels.

Link each procedure to an assertion or criterion.

Tracing and vouching direction can change the question answered.

Existence, ownership, completeness and valuation need distinct evidence.

Sample size does not cure an incomplete or biased population.

A count or walkthrough alone does not prove every reporting assertion.

Documentation connects objective, evidence, judgment and conclusion.

A promised correction does not automatically erase an existing reporting issue.

Misstatement and inability to obtain evidence have different implications.

Key audit matters and opinion modifications are not interchangeable.

Communicate actual scope and limitations without implying unperformed assurance.

A business model connects customer value, delivery, resources, costs and revenue; its assumptions require evidence.

Porter's generic strategies require a clear basis for competitive advantage.

Expected value weights outcomes by probability but ignores risk attitude.

Suitability, acceptability and feasibility structure strategy evaluation.

Implementation fails when culture, structure and resources are misaligned.