CILS C1 key terms

The central subject of a text, distinguished from an example, a supporting detail or the writer’s particular argumentative position.

The principal position supported by an argument, which may be stated explicitly or reconstructed from contextual evidence.

A conclusion supported by the available text and context, distinguished from information explicitly stated or merely imagined.

The expression or entity identified by a pronoun or other reference, traced through the actual surrounding discourse.

A grammatical or lexical expression denying a proposition or limiting a statement, whose scope can determine a reading answer.

The selection of language appropriate to situation, purpose and audience, including coherent choices of address and formality.

The linguistic linking of clauses and paragraphs through connectors, reference, repetition and related devices that make relationships recoverable.

The organization of ideas into an intelligible and relevant whole, avoiding contradictions or unexplained changes of argumentative direction.

The audience-oriented selection and reformulation of information across languages or contexts, preserving essential facts and conditions from the source.

A reformulation in different words that preserves the source meaning while adapting expression to the task and audience.

A determiner that accompanies a noun and indicates features such as gender, number and definiteness in its phrase.

The matching of relevant grammatical features between linked words, such as a noun and adjective or subject and verb.

A pronoun functioning as direct object, selected according to its referent and the governing verb’s actual construction.

A pronoun marking an indirect-object relationship, whose interpretation depends on the construction rather than merely the person mentioned.

A compound past tense built with an auxiliary and participle, interpreted according to the discourse and aspectual context.

A past tense frequently used for background, ongoing situations or habits, rather than every event completed in the past.

A compound tense placing an action before a past reference point, formed with an imperfect auxiliary and participle.

A verbal mood associated with particular subordinate constructions and meanings, including wishes and doubt, interpreted with attention to context.

A verbal mood used for hypothetical consequences and other functions such as polite requests or reported future in the past.

A word resembling one in another language but differing in meaning, requiring an explicit comparison and contextual check.