Cisco SCAZT 300-740 key terms

A decision permitting a particular subject to act on a specified resource under policy, separate from merely provisioning an identity or completing multifactor authentication.

Creating or updating identity and entitlement-related records through a defined workflow, which does not alone prove successful authentication or correct effective access.

The principle that users and systems should be granted only the minimum access rights necessary to perform their tasks, reducing the potential damage from accidents or malicious activity.

A control that divides critical tasks among different individuals so that no single person can complete a sensitive action alone, helping to prevent fraud and errors.

An access control model where permissions are assigned to roles rather than individual users, and users are assigned to roles based on their job responsibilities.

An authentication method that requires two or more independent credentials from different categories (something you know, have, or are) to verify a user's identity.

The process of verifying the identity of a user, device, or system, typically through credentials such as passwords, tokens, or biometrics.

The process of determining what actions or resources an authenticated entity is permitted to access, often enforced through access control policies.

A mechanism that allows a user to log in once and access multiple applications or systems without re-entering credentials, improving usability and centralizing access control.

The process of converting plaintext into ciphertext using an algorithm and a key, so that only authorized parties can read the original information.

An encryption method that uses the same secret key for both encryption and decryption, offering speed but requiring secure key distribution.

Encryption using a suitable public-key scheme and a corresponding private key for decryption. Authenticated key distribution and the specified padding/protocol remain essential; signatures and key agreement are distinct constructions.

A digest construction mapping input to an output under its defined algorithm, with cryptographic versions designed for appropriate resistance properties. Password storage needs a suitable salted password-hashing/KDF scheme rather than a bare fast digest.

An electronic signature that uses asymmetric cryptography to verify the authenticity and integrity of a message or document.

The policies and mechanisms that determine who can access which systems, data, or facilities and under what conditions.

A network security device or software that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing traffic based on predetermined security rules, acting as a barrier between trusted and untrusted networks.

A system that monitors network or system activities for malicious actions or policy violations and generates alerts, but does not typically take active blocking measures.

A system that monitors network traffic for malicious activity and can actively block or prevent detected threats, unlike an IDS which only alerts.

The practice of dividing a computer network into smaller subnetworks or segments to improve security, limit lateral movement, and contain breaches.

A technology that creates a secure, encrypted connection over an untrusted network, allowing remote users or sites to communicate as if on a private network.

A code injection technique that exploits vulnerabilities in an application's database layer by inserting malicious SQL statements through user input, potentially exposing or altering data.

A vulnerability where an attacker injects malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users, potentially stealing cookies or session tokens.

Checking supplied data against expected type, size, format and range. It supports robust handling but does not replace parameterization, context-aware output handling or authorization controls.

A system that collects, aggregates, and analyzes log data from various sources to detect security incidents and support compliance reporting.

A structured approach to handling security incidents, typically including preparation, detection, containment, eradication, recovery, and lessons learned.

The process of identifying, analyzing, and evaluating risks to determine their potential impact and likelihood, often used to prioritize security controls.

The coordinated activities to direct and control an organization regarding risk, including risk assessment, treatment, acceptance, and communication.

A systematic examination of an organization's security controls, policies, and procedures to verify compliance with standards and identify areas for improvement.

The effect of uncertainty on objectives, usually described by the likelihood of an event and its potential impact.

The level of risk that exists before any controls or risk responses are applied to a process, asset, or activity.