HS 323 flashcards
HS 323 · Build recall with a focused review session.
35 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Standard of care
- The level and type of care a reasonably prudent clinician with similar training would provide in similar circumstances, established by evidence, professional standards, and expert testimony.
- Nursing process steps
- Assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation; evaluation findings feed back into reassessment and revised planning.
- Cardiac output formula
- Cardiac output equals heart rate multiplied by stroke volume; normal adult values are approximately 4 to 8 liters per minute.
- Left heart failure signs
- Pulmonary congestion with dyspnea, crackles, orthopnea, and pink frothy sputum, reflecting backup of blood into the pulmonary circulation.
- Glasgow Coma Scale range
- Scores range from 3 to 15, combining eye, verbal, and motor responses; a score of 8 or less generally indicates need for airway protection.
- Orthostatic hypotension criteria
- A drop of at least 20 mmHg systolic or 10 mmHg diastolic within 3 minutes of standing, suggesting volume depletion or autonomic dysfunction.
- SMART outcome criteria
- Outcomes should be specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound so progress can be evaluated objectively.
- High-alert medications
- Drugs carrying heightened risk of significant harm when used in error, such as insulin, heparin, opioids, and concentrated electrolytes, requiring independent double-checks.
- Chain of infection links
- Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host; breaking any link prevents transmission.
- Airborne precautions requirements
- Used for tuberculosis, measles, and varicella; requires an N95 respirator or PAPR and a negative-pressure room with the door closed.
- Informed consent elements
- Capacity, disclosure of risks, benefits, and alternatives, comprehension, and voluntariness; the performing provider obtains consent and the nurse verifies understanding.
- SBAR communication
- A structured handoff format covering situation, background, assessment, and recommendation to reduce omissions and delays in communication.
- Late entry documentation
- An entry made after the fact must show the current date and time, be labeled as a late entry, and state the original event time; never backdate.
- Incidence versus prevalence
- Incidence counts new cases divided by the population at risk over a period; prevalence counts all existing cases divided by the total population at a point in time.
- Herd immunity threshold
- The proportion of immune individuals needed to interrupt transmission, which rises with pathogen transmissibility; measles requires roughly 92 to 95 percent.
- Delegation accountability
- The delegating clinician retains accountability for the task; the delegate must be competent, and the task must be predictable and low risk.
- Pharmacokinetic half-life
- The time for plasma concentration to fall by half; steady state is generally reached after about four to five half-lives of regular dosing.
- High-quality CPR parameters
- Compression rate 100 to 120 per minute, depth at least 2 inches in adults, full recoil, interruptions under 10 seconds, and compressor change every 2 minutes.
- Late fetal decelerations
- Decelerations that begin after the peak of a contraction and recover after it ends, indicating uteroplacental insufficiency and requiring repositioning and provider notification.
- Daily fluid requirement
- An estimate of about 30 milliliters per kilogram per day for adults; for children the 4-2-1 rule gives milliliters per kilogram per hour by weight band.
- Hypocalcemia signs
- Perioral numbness, Chvostek sign with facial twitching on tapping, Trousseau sign with carpal spasm, and possible seizures or prolonged QT interval.
- Donabedian quality model
- Evaluates quality through structure (resources), process (what is done), and outcomes (results achieved), providing a framework for measurement.
- Sensitivity and specificity
- Sensitivity is true positives divided by all with disease; specificity is true negatives divided by all without disease; predictive values also depend on prevalence.
- Teach-back method
- Ask the patient to explain in their own words what they will do, confirming understanding rather than asking whether they understand.
- Just culture
- A framework that consoles human error, coaches at-risk behavior, and sanctions reckless behavior to encourage reporting and learning.
- Hospice eligibility
- Hospice care generally begins when life expectancy is about 6 months or less and the focus shifts from curative treatment to comfort.
- Braden Scale
- A pressure injury risk tool scoring sensory perception, moisture, activity, mobility, nutrition, and friction or shear; lower scores indicate higher risk.
- Respiratory acidosis
- A low pH with elevated PaCO2 caused by hypoventilation; compensation involves renal retention of bicarbonate over hours to days.
- Septic shock initial bundle
- Give 30 milliliters per kilogram crystalloid for hypotension or lactate of 4 or more, broad-spectrum antibiotics within 1 hour, and vasopressors if MAP stays below 65.
- Cushing triad
- Hypertension with widened pulse pressure, bradycardia, and irregular respirations, indicating increased intracranial pressure and possible herniation.
- Hypoglycemia treatment
- For glucose below 70 with symptoms, give 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrate if alert, or glucagon or IV dextrose if unresponsive, then recheck in 15 minutes.
- Refeeding syndrome
- Hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia, and hypomagnesemia after rapid reintroduction of nutrition in malnourished patients; start feeding slowly and monitor electrolytes.
- Compartment syndrome signs
- Severe pain out of proportion, pain with passive stretch, paresthesia, pallor, and late pulselessness; requires immediate fasciotomy.
- Parkland formula
- Fluid resuscitation estimate of 4 milliliters times body weight in kilograms times percent total body surface area burned, with half given in the first 8 hours.
- Transfusion reaction response
- Stop the transfusion, maintain IV access with normal saline, notify the provider, and monitor vital signs; most reactions occur in the first 15 minutes.