Cameroon GCE O-Level Human Biology study plan

Draw and label a generalized human cell from memory, naming at least eight organelles and stating one function for each.

Compare mitosis and meiosis on a table of at least six points (number of divisions, daughter cells, chromosome number, crossing over, purpose, site).

List the stages of the alimentary canal in order and state the type of digestion (physical, chemical, both) occurring at each.

Explain the lock-and-key and induced-fit ideas of enzyme action and describe how temperature and pH change enzyme activity, using the terms optimum, denaturation and active site.

Describe the tests for starch, reducing sugar, protein and lipid, including reagent, procedure and positive result.

Trace the path of a starch molecule from mouth to absorption in the ileum, naming each enzyme, its substrate and its product at every step.

Describe the structure of a villus and explain three ways it is adapted for absorption.

Label a diagram of the heart from memory: four chambers, four valves, aorta, pulmonary artery, vena cava, pulmonary vein, coronary vessels.

Explain the cardiac cycle in terms of systole and diastole, and relate the thickness of each chamber wall to its function.

Compare arteries, veins and capillaries in a table covering wall structure, lumen, valves, pressure, blood flow speed and function.

Describe the composition of blood (plasma, red cells, white cells, platelets) and state two functions of each component.

Explain how red blood cells are adapted to oxygen transport and interpret an oxygen dissociation curve in terms of partial pressure.

Label the respiratory tract from nose to alveolus and explain the roles of mucus, cilia and surfactant.

Explain the mechanism of breathing in terms of the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, thoracic volume and pressure changes.

Distinguish aerobic from anaerobic respiration in muscle, naming substrates, products and the oxygen debt.

Label a nephron from memory and explain filtration, selective reabsorption and tubular secretion, naming the substances reabsorbed and where.

Explain how ADH and aldosterone regulate water and salt balance, using negative feedback language.

Describe the structure of the skin and explain its roles in temperature regulation (sweating, vasodilation, vasoconstriction, shivering).

Draw a reflex arc and explain the roles of receptor, sensory neurone, synapse, relay neurone, motor neurone and effector.

Compare nervous and hormonal coordination on at least five points, and state the source, target and effect of insulin, glucagon, adrenaline and thyroxine.

Label the eye and ear and explain accommodation, pupil reflex, and the roles of rods and cones.

Explain how the semicircular canals and cochlea contribute to balance and hearing.

Classify bones (long, short, flat, irregular) and identify the types of joint with an example of each.

Explain the action of an antagonistic muscle pair at the elbow during flexion and extension, naming biceps, triceps, tendon and ligament.

Describe the functions of the vertebral column and explain how the skeleton supports, protects and permits movement.

Label the male and female reproductive systems and outline gamete production, including the roles of FSH, LH, oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone.

Describe the menstrual cycle across 28 days and identify the fertile window and the sites of fertilisation and implantation.

Outline fetal development, the roles of the placenta, amnion and umbilical cord, and describe three stages of labour.

Distinguish bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa as pathogens and give one disease example of each relevant to Cameroon.

Explain how immunity works (first and second lines of defence, antibodies, vaccination) and list five hygiene measures that limit disease transmission.

Define gene, allele, genotype, phenotype, dominant, recessive, homozygous and heterozygous, and use them correctly in written answers.

Solve monohybrid crosses using Punnett squares, including test crosses and sex-linked inheritance of colour blindness.

Explain the difference between continuous and discontinuous variation with two human examples of each.

Explain natural selection and give one example of adaptation in a human population (for example sickle-cell trait and malaria).

Describe one local environmental issue (deforestation, water pollution, waste disposal) and explain three human health consequences.

Re-sit every weekly deliverable test and score at least 80% on each before moving on.

Answer three full past-paper-style papers under timed conditions and mark them against the mark scheme.

Build a one-page 'error log' of recurring mistakes and re-learn each flagged concept from notes.

Recite key definitions (enzyme, osmosis, homeostasis, hormone, allele, immunity) verbatim from memory.