Architectural Design (Building Design / 建筑设计)
建筑设计 tests schematic design judgement: site layout, functional zoning, circulation, fire safety and accessibility, all traced back to 民用建筑设计统一标准 GB 50352 and 建筑设计防火规范 GB 50016. Questions are usually small cases - a site with a brief - where one governing rule decides the answer.
Height, classification and spacing
- 建筑高度 runs from 室外设计地面 to 屋面面层; 住宅 above 27 m and 公共建筑 above 24 m (non-single-storey) count as 高层.
- 日照间距 D = (H − H1) × cot h, with h the winter-solstice noon altitude; local planning rules publish a 间距系数 instead, which you apply directly.
- 消防车道 not less than 4.0 m wide, 4.0 m clear height, edge not less than 5 m from the external wall, longitudinal slope controlled.
Fire compartments and egress
- 一、二级耐火 多层 公共建筑: 2500 m² per compartment; 高层 1500 m²; 地下 or 半地下 500 m². A full 自动喷水灭火系统 doubles the figure.
- 疏散门 clear width ≥0.90 m; 疏散楼梯 clear width ≥1.10 m.
- Rooms at the end of a 袋形走道 must sit within roughly half the two-way travel distance; check the table for the building type, not a remembered number.
Accessibility
- 坡道 slope not steeper than 1:12, each run rising ≤0.75 m over ≤9.0 m, landing ≥1.50 m deep, clear width ≥1.20 m, with a 1.50 m turning circle at the top and bottom.
Worked example: a multi-storey 商场 of 二级耐火等级, 4800 m² per floor, with 自动喷水灭火 and 火灾自动报警. Base compartment 2500 m²; sprinkler protection doubles it to 5000 m²; 4800 m² fits inside one compartment, so the floor needs one 防火分区 - not two.
Traps
- Using 使用面积 or 套内面积 when compartment limits are written against 建筑面积.
- Forgetting that 中庭 and 自动扶梯 openings above a compartment must be added back into it.
- 住宅 lifts: required at 七层及以上, or when the 住户入口层 is more than 16 m above 底层室内地面 - not at six storeys "because it is convenient".
- Treating 防烟楼梯间 and 封闭楼梯间 as interchangeable.
- Answering a 坡道 question with 1:10, which is only a restricted-site exception.