Professional Practice, Laws and Regulations (法律、法规、经济与施工)
法律、法规、经济与施工 covers the regulatory and commercial frame of practice: 建筑法, 注册建筑师条例, 招标投标法, permits, completion acceptance, 建筑面积 calculation and design fees. The marks come from exact thresholds.
Permits and practice
- 施工许可证 is applied for by the 建设单位 before work starts; projects with 工程投资额 ≤30万元 or 建筑面积 ≤300 m² may be exempt. It is valid 3 months, extendable twice for up to 3 months each.
- 二级注册建筑师 may design 三级及以下民用建筑工程 and 二级及以下一般工业建筑; 一级 has no such ceiling. Signing outside that range is 越级执业.
- Mandatory tendering thresholds: 施工 single contract ≥400万元, important equipment and materials ≥200万元, 勘察/设计/监理 services ≥100万元.
建筑面积 under GB/T 50353
- 结构层高 ≥2.20 m counts in full; below 2.20 m counts half.
- 地下室 and 半地下室 are measured by their structural outer horizontal area.
- 阳台 counts half of the structural floor slab projection.
- 雨篷 counts half only when the structural edge is ≥2.10 m from the wall.
Cost and completion
- 设计费 = 工程概算造价 × 费率; 概算 belongs to 初步设计, 预算 to 施工图 - using the wrong base is a classic error.
- 竣工验收 is organised by the 建设单位 with 勘察、设计、施工、监理 present; the designer's role is to confirm compliance with the drawings, not to certify structural safety alone.
Worked example: a single-storey workshop enclosed by external walls has a structural outer area of 600 m², plus a 100 m² mezzanine with a structural height of 2.0 m. The mezzanine is below 2.20 m, so it counts half: 600 + 100 × 0.5 = 650 m². Answering 700 m² means the 2.20 m rule was ignored.
Traps
- Mixing 2.20 m with the older 2.10 m trigger.
- Using 300 m² where 3000 m² is meant, or applying the exemption automatically without checking the investment value.
- Quoting the design-fee rate on 结算价 instead of 概算造价.
- Assuming 二级 registration allows any project size.