Guokao Xingce - independent foundations cheat sheet

Identify whether the task asks for gist, detail, order, inference or an exception.

Respect qualifiers and the limits of the passage.

Check antecedents and logical dependence when ordering sentences.

Evaluate meaning, grammar and register together.

Do not treat a passage claim as independently verified real-world evidence.

A conditional and its contrapositive are equivalent; its converse generally is not.

Use a counterexample to test whether a conclusion is necessary.

Distinguish at least one, at most one and exactly one.

Identify the missing evidential link when testing assumptions.

An analogy must preserve a relationship, not just share words.

Identify units, time periods and denominators before calculating.

Percentage change and percentage-point difference are different operations.

Combine rates only under the supplied process assumptions.

Choose ordered or unordered counting according to the actual selection task.

Check both arithmetic and the meaning of the measured quantity.

Define the outcome and comparison before explaining a trend.

Distinguish root conditions, direct triggers and evidence of a mechanism.

Evaluate efficiency, equity and accountability separately.

Outputs, outcomes and attributable impacts are different claims.

A general policy framework does not create legal authority.