PLA Civilian Management Subject - independent foundations cheat sheet

A business model connects customer value, delivery, resources, costs and revenue; its assumptions require evidence.

Porter's generic strategies require a clear basis for competitive advantage.

Expected value weights outcomes by probability but ignores risk attitude.

Suitability, acceptability and feasibility structure strategy evaluation.

Implementation fails when culture, structure and resources are misaligned.

Turnover uses average employees; absenteeism uses possible working days.

Job description = duties; person specification = candidate attributes.

Herzberg separates hygiene factors from motivators; pay alone is hygiene.

Leadership style should be matched to task, workforce skill and time pressure.

Redundancy and dismissal have different legal and motivational implications.

Capacity utilisation = actual output ÷ maximum output × 100.

Break-even = fixed costs ÷ contribution per unit; margin of safety = current sales − break-even.

JIT cuts holding costs but raises supply-chain vulnerability.

TQM is preventive and company-wide; quality control is inspection-based.

Critical path is the longest route through the network and sets project duration.

Define the outcome and comparison before explaining a trend.

Distinguish root conditions, direct triggers and evidence of a mechanism.

Evaluate efficiency, equity and accountability separately.

Outputs, outcomes and attributable impacts are different claims.

A general policy framework does not create legal authority.

Match genre and structure to purpose and audience.

Distinguish a proposal, an authorized decision and a factual report.

Make service changes and actionable instructions easy to locate.

Consult the primary rules for actual Chinese official-document requirements.

Clarity and accuracy matter more than decorative parallel phrasing.

Differentiate analytical stakeholder interests from actual legal authority.

Power-interest mapping must not erase vulnerable affected groups.

Communicate verified facts, boundaries and uncertainty to the actual audience.

Reputation management includes operational correction and accountable follow-up.