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Cyprus Citizenship Test study materials
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Cyprus Citizenship Test practice questions

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Question 1History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

Which of these sites is a Neolithic settlement in Cyprus, occupied from about the ninth millennium BC and inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List?

  1. The Roman city of Kourion
  2. The classical kingdom of Marion
  3. Choirokoitia Correct answer.
  4. The Bronze Age city of Enkomi

Explanation

Choirokoitia, also written Khirokitia, stands on a hillside above the Maroni valley and was occupied from roughly the ninth millennium BC. Its circular stone dwellings and the complete absence of pottery make it a key aceramic Neolithic site, and UNESCO inscribed it in 1998. It is the earliest permanently settled village community known on the island.

Question 2History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

In antiquity Cyprus was a major exporter of which metal, with which the island's name is commonly linked?

  1. Silver
  2. Gold
  3. Tin Correct answer.
  4. Copper

Explanation

The Greek word kypros and the Latin cuprum both tie the metal copper to Cyprus, and Cypriot copper was traded across the Mediterranean from the Bronze Age onwards. Slag heaps near centres such as Enkomi and Skouriotissa testify to large-scale smelting. Control of these resources helped attract successive outside powers to the island.

Question 3History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

In which year was Cyprus annexed and organised as a Roman province, in an operation associated with Cato the Younger?

  1. 58 BC
  2. 168 BC
  3. 30 BC Correct answer.
  4. 116 AD

Explanation

Rome annexed Cyprus in 58 BC, sending Cato to oversee the transfer and the deposition of the reigning Ptolemy. The island was later assigned to Cleopatra and reverted to direct Roman rule after her defeat in 30 BC. Its copper, timber and harbours made it a valuable eastern province.

Question 4History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

According to the Acts of the Apostles, which Roman governor of Cyprus was converted by Paul during his mission on the island?

  1. Pontius Pilate of Judaea
  2. Gallio, proconsul of Achaia
  3. Sergius Paulus Correct answer.
  4. Felix, procurator of Judaea

Explanation

Acts 13 describes Paul and Barnabas arriving at Paphos, where the proconsul Sergius Paulus listened to them and believed, while the magician Elymas was struck blind. The episode marks the first named Roman official to accept the new faith. It also explains why Paphos holds a prominent place in Cypriot Christian tradition.

Question 5History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

After Richard I seized Cyprus in 1191, who was installed as the island's first Lusignan ruler?

  1. John II of Cyprus
  2. Guy de Lusignan Correct answer.
  3. Hugh I of Cyprus
  4. Peter I of Cyprus

Explanation

Richard I took the island from Isaac Komnenos, sold it to the Templars, and then transferred it to Guy de Lusignan, the displaced king of Jerusalem, in 1192. Guy's brother Amalric succeeded him and obtained a royal crown from the Holy Roman Emperor. The Lusignan dynasty went on to rule Cyprus for nearly three centuries.

Question 6History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

When the Ottomans completed their conquest of Cyprus in 1571, which state lost the island?

  1. Aragon
  2. Genoa
  3. Venice Correct answer.
  4. The Mamluks

Explanation

Venice had ruled Cyprus since 1489, when Caterina Cornaro was forced to abdicate. Ottoman forces took Nicosia in 1570 and Famagusta in 1571, ending Venetian rule. The peace settlement of 1573 formally recognised the transfer.

Question 7History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

In which year did Britain take over the administration of Cyprus from the Ottoman Empire?

  1. 1856
  2. 1870
  3. 1878 Correct answer.
  4. 1914

Explanation

The Convention of Constantinople of June 1878 allowed Britain to occupy and administer Cyprus, partly as a base for protecting the Ottoman Empire against Russian expansion. The Sultan retained nominal sovereignty. Britain declared formal annexation in 1914 and made the island a Crown colony in 1925.

Question 8History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

In what year was the Republic of Cyprus proclaimed as an independent state?

  1. 1955
  2. 1959
  3. 1948
  4. 1960 Correct answer.

Explanation

The Republic of Cyprus was proclaimed on 16 August 1960, after the Zurich and London agreements of 1959 and the granting of independence by Britain. The constitution divided powers between the Greek and Turkish communities. Britain retained two sovereign base areas on the island.

Question 9History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

The well-preserved merchant ship recovered off Kyrenia in the 1960s dates from which period?

  1. The twelfth century BC
  2. The eighth century AD
  3. The fourth century BC Correct answer.
  4. The second century AD

Explanation

The Kyrenia ship sank around 300 BC and was raised by Michael Katzev's team, becoming a landmark of underwater archaeology. Its cargo of wine amphorae, almonds and millstones, together with lead sheathing on the hull, illuminates Hellenistic trade. A reconstructed vessel is displayed at Kyrenia Castle.

Question 10History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

The independence of the Church of Cyprus, its autocephaly, is traditionally traced to which council?

  1. The Second Council of Constantinople
  2. The Council of Chalcedon
  3. The Council of Nicaea
  4. The Council of Ephesus Correct answer.

Explanation

The Third Ecumenical Council, held at Ephesus in 431, recognised the Church of Cyprus as independent of the see of Antioch. The privilege was later reinforced by Emperor Zeno after the reported discovery of the tomb of Saint Barnabas. Autocephaly remains a central element of Cypriot ecclesiastical identity.

Question 11History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

In which year did the Republic of Cyprus become a member of the European Union?

  1. 2004 Correct answer.
  2. 1995
  3. 2008
  4. 2000

Explanation

Cyprus joined the European Union on 1 May 2004 as part of the largest enlargement in the Union's history. The accession came a week after the Annan Plan was rejected in a referendum by Greek Cypriots. Membership applied to the whole island in principle, though the acquis is suspended in the north.

Question 12History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

Which member of the Komnenos family seized control of Cyprus around 1184 and ruled until Richard I captured him in 1191?

  1. Manuel Komnenos
  2. Isaac Komnenos Correct answer.
  3. Alexios Komnenos
  4. Andronikos Komnenos

Explanation

Isaac Komnenos made himself master of Cyprus after the death of Emperor Manuel I, ruling as a self-proclaimed emperor and raising taxes heavily. His rough treatment of crusaders shipwrecked on the coast gave Richard I a pretext to invade in 1191. Richard captured him and handed the island on to the Lusignans.

Question 13History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

As a result of the Genoese war of 1373 to 1374, Genoa gained control of which Cypriot port?

  1. Limassol
  2. Paphos
  3. Nicosia
  4. Famagusta Correct answer.

Explanation

Genoa defeated the forces of Peter II and seized Famagusta in 1374, holding the port until James II recovered it in 1464. The loss of this commercial hub weakened Lusignan revenues for generations. The conflict had begun over the treatment of Genoese merchants in the island's ports.

Question 14History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

Which queen was forced to abdicate in 1489, bringing the Lusignan kingdom of Cyprus to an end?

  1. Helena Palaiologina
  2. Caterina Cornaro Correct answer.
  3. Eleanor of Aragon
  4. Charlotte

Explanation

Caterina Cornaro, a Venetian noblewoman married to James II, was pressured by Venice to give up the throne in 1489. Cyprus then became a Venetian colony administered by a lieutenant. She was compensated with the lordship of Asolo in Italy.

Question 15History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

In which year did Famagusta surrender to the Ottomans, completing their conquest of Cyprus?

  1. 1571 Correct answer.
  2. 1569
  3. 1570
  4. 1573

Explanation

Nicosia fell in September 1570, but Famagusta held out under Marcantonio Bragadin until August 1571. Its surrender completed the Ottoman conquest of the island. Venice formally recognised the loss of Cyprus in the peace settlement of 1573.

Question 16History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

Which archbishop of Cyprus was executed by the Ottoman authorities in Nicosia in July 1821?

  1. Sophronios
  2. Kyprianos Correct answer.
  3. Filotheos
  4. Makarios II

Explanation

Archbishop Kyprianos was hanged along with other bishops and leading notables, accused of sympathising with the Greek uprising against Ottoman rule. The executions became a powerful symbol in Greek Cypriot memory. They are commemorated as a founding moment of the island's national narrative.

Question 17History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

During the disturbances of October 1931, crowds in Nicosia set fire to which building?

  1. The British consulate
  2. The Ottoman Bank
  3. Government House Correct answer.
  4. The Archbishop's palace

Explanation

Protesters angered by taxation and by the removal of elected members from the Legislative Council burned Government House in October 1931. Britain responded by suspending the constitution and governing by decree, a period remembered as Palmerokratia. The episode ended any remaining Cypriot participation in colonial institutions.

Question 18History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

On 1 April of which year did EOKA begin its armed campaign against British rule?

  1. 1945
  2. 1960
  3. 1963
  4. 1955 Correct answer.

Explanation

EOKA, led by Georgios Grivas, launched its campaign with bomb attacks in Nicosia on 1 April 1955. The insurgency continued until the Zurich and London agreements of 1959. Independence followed in 1960.

Question 19History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

The Zurich and London agreements of 1959 provided for which arrangement on Cyprus?

  1. the partition of the island between Greece and Turkey
  2. a United Nations trusteeship over the island
  3. an independent republic with British sovereign bases Correct answer.
  4. the immediate union of the island with Greece

Explanation

The agreements created an independent Republic of Cyprus with a power-sharing constitution balancing Greek and Turkish Cypriot interests. Britain kept Akrotiri and Dhekelia as sovereign base areas, and Britain, Greece and Turkey guaranteed the settlement. Neither enosis nor partition was permitted by the arrangement.

Question 20History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

The coup of 15 July 1974, backed by the Greek military junta, deposed which president of Cyprus?

  1. Spyros Kyprianou
  2. George Vassiliou
  3. Archbishop Makarios III Correct answer.
  4. Glafcos Clerides

Explanation

The coup ousted President Makarios III and installed Nikos Sampson in his place. Five days later Turkish forces landed on the island, citing the Treaty of Guarantee. Makarios was later restored to office.

Question 21History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

Under the agreement reached in 688 between Emperor Justinian II and Caliph Abd al-Malik, Cyprus was

  1. made a neutral condominium sharing its revenues Correct answer.
  2. placed under the protection of the Papacy
  3. annexed to the caliphate as a military province
  4. evacuated entirely by both empires and left unfortified

Explanation

The treaty produced an unusual arrangement under which the island's revenues were divided between Byzantium and the caliphate and neither side kept a permanent garrison there. Cyprus thus remained largely neutral through the early centuries of Arab raids. The arrangement is usually described as a condominium.

Question 22History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

The kingdom of Alashiya, which exported copper and is mentioned in the Amarna letters, is generally identified with

  1. Sardinia
  2. Crete
  3. Cyprus Correct answer.
  4. The Hittite lands

Explanation

Most scholars equate Alashiya with Late Bronze Age Cyprus, whose copper-producing centres included Enkomi and Kition. Correspondence with the Egyptian court requests copper and reports political trouble on the island. The identification rests on the metal trade, place-name evidence and the geography of the letters.

Question 23History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

Byzantine rule over Cyprus was restored in 965 under which emperor?

  1. Romanos II
  2. Constantine VII
  3. John I Tzimiskes
  4. Nikephoros II Correct answer.

Explanation

Forces of Nikephoros II Phokas recovered Cyprus in 965, ending the long period of Arab raids and uneasy condominium. A Byzantine theme of Cyprus was then organised on the island. The recovery came alongside Byzantine offensives in Cilicia and Syria.

Question 24History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

In January 1950 the Church of Cyprus organised a plebiscite in which Greek Cypriots voted on

  1. union of Cyprus with Greece Correct answer.
  2. accepting the British constitution
  3. partition of the island with Turkey
  4. joining the European Economic Community

Explanation

The referendum asked Greek Cypriots whether they supported enosis, and the overwhelming majority answered yes. Britain dismissed the result as unrepresentative. The vote nonetheless set the tone for the national campaign of the following decade.

Question 25History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

Under the Convention of Constantinople of 1878, Britain administered Cyprus on which terms?

  1. the island became a Crown colony immediately
  2. France guaranteed the island's neutrality
  3. the Sultan kept sovereignty and received tribute Correct answer.
  4. Ottoman warships were based at Famagusta

Explanation

The Convention allowed Britain to occupy and administer Cyprus while the Ottoman Sultan retained nominal sovereignty, with an annual tribute payable to the Porte. Britain annexed the island in 1914 when the Ottoman Empire entered the war against it. Crown colony status followed in 1925.

Question 26History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

Which Neolithic settlement in Cyprus is a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its circular stone dwellings?

  1. Choirokoitia Correct answer.
  2. Kourion Ancient City
  3. Salamis Ruins
  4. Bellapais Abbey

Explanation

Choirokoitia, in the Larnaca district, preserves a well-known Neolithic settlement with circular dwellings and is listed by UNESCO. Kourion and Salamis are ancient urban sites of later periods, while Bellapais is a medieval abbey.

Question 27History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

In 525 BC, Cyprus came under the control of which empire?

  1. Macedonian Kingdom
  2. Achaemenid Persia Correct answer.
  3. Roman Republic
  4. Ptolemaic Egypt

Explanation

The Achaemenid Persian empire under Cambyses II extended its authority over Cyprus in 525 BC. The island remained within or was contested by the Persian sphere until Alexander's conquests. Rome, Macedon, and Ptolemaic Egypt rose to power in the region later.

Question 28History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

Which king of Salamis led a revolt of Cypriot city-kingdoms against Persian rule in 499 BC?

  1. Pnytagoras
  2. Nikokreon
  3. Evagoras I
  4. Onesilos Correct answer.

Explanation

Onesilos of Salamis led the Cypriot Greek city-kingdoms in revolt during the Ionian Revolt, though the rising was crushed by Persian forces. Evagoras I and Pnytagoras were later rulers of Salamis, and Nikokreon was a later king of Paphos.

Question 29History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

Which Athenian general died during a naval expedition to Cyprus around 449 BC?

  1. Nicias
  2. Pericles
  3. Alcibiades
  4. Cimon Correct answer.

Explanation

Cimon led an Athenian fleet to Cyprus in the 450s BC and died during the campaign, traditionally at Kition. Pericles, Alcibiades, and Nicias were prominent Athenian leaders in other campaigns.

Question 30History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

After the death of Alexander the Great, which dynasty established lasting rule over Cyprus?

  1. Ptolemies Correct answer.
  2. Attalids
  3. Antigonids
  4. Seleucids

Explanation

The Ptolemies of Egypt made Cyprus part of their kingdom from the late fourth century BC until the Roman annexation in 58 BC. The Seleucids and Antigonids were rival Hellenistic dynasties, and the Attalids ruled Pergamon.

Question 31History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

In 58 BC, Cyprus was annexed by which power?

  1. Ptolemaic Egypt
  2. Kingdom of Pontus
  3. Parthian Empire
  4. Roman Republic Correct answer.

Explanation

Rome annexed Cyprus in 58 BC, ending Ptolemaic rule on the island. The annexation was promoted by Publius Clodius Pulcher and overseen by Cato the Younger. Egypt, Parthia, and Pontus did not control Cyprus at that time.

Question 32History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

Which Roman emperor's death in 395 led to Cyprus becoming part of the Eastern Roman Empire?

  1. Theodosius I Correct answer.
  2. Justinian I
  3. Constantine the Great
  4. Diocletian

Explanation

On the death of Theodosius I in 395, the Roman Empire was divided between his sons, and Cyprus fell in the eastern portion. This eastern empire is conventionally called the Byzantine Empire. Constantine, Diocletian, and Justinian ruled in other periods.

Question 33History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

The first major Arab naval raid on Cyprus in 649 occurred during the reign of which Byzantine emperor?

  1. Constans II Correct answer.
  2. Heraclius
  3. Leo III
  4. Justinian II Rhinotmetos

Explanation

Arab forces raided Cyprus in 649, early in the reign of Constans II, after the Muslim conquest of Syria. The raid marked the beginning of repeated Arab attacks on the island. Heraclius had died in 641, Justinian II ruled later in the seventh century, and Leo III ruled in the eighth.

Question 34History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

After capturing Cyprus in 1191, Richard I sold the island to which military order?

  1. Teutonic Knights
  2. Knights Templar Correct answer.
  3. Knights Hospitaller
  4. Order of Saint Lazarus

Explanation

Richard I sold Cyprus to the Knights Templar, but their harsh rule provoked a revolt and they soon returned the island. Richard then transferred it to Guy de Lusignan. The Hospitallers, Teutonic Knights, and Order of Saint Lazarus were other crusading orders.

Question 35History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

Which Lusignan ruler was crowned King of Jerusalem in 1269?

  1. Peter I
  2. Henry II of Cyprus
  3. John I
  4. Hugh III Correct answer.

Explanation

Hugh III of Cyprus, also called Hugh of Antioch-Lusignan, claimed the throne of Jerusalem and was crowned in 1269. His rule linked Cyprus with the dwindling crusader kingdom. Henry II, Peter I, and John I were other Lusignan kings.

Question 36History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

At which place in 1426 did Mamluk forces defeat the Cypriots and capture King Janus?

  1. Kyrenia
  2. Famagusta town
  3. Nicosia
  4. Khirokitia Correct answer.

Explanation

The Mamluks invaded Cyprus in 1426 and defeated the royal army at Khirokitia, capturing King Janus. The defeat forced Cyprus to accept Mamluk suzerainty and pay tribute. The other places are Cypriot towns, not the battle site.

Question 37History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

Which Ottoman sultan ordered the conquest of Cyprus in 1570?

  1. Suleiman I
  2. Selim II Correct answer.
  3. Bayezid II
  4. Murad III

Explanation

Selim II ordered the campaign that captured Nicosia and besieged Famagusta, completing the Ottoman conquest in 1571. Suleiman I had died in 1566, Murad III succeeded Selim II in 1574, and Bayezid II ruled earlier.

Question 38History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

In which year did Britain formally annex Cyprus?

  1. 1878
  2. 1925
  3. 1923
  4. 1914 Correct answer.

Explanation

Britain annexed Cyprus in 1914, when the Ottoman Empire entered the First World War on the side of the Central Powers. The island had been under British administration since 1878. The Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 later recognized the annexation.

Question 39History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

In which year was Cyprus made a British Crown Colony?

  1. 1878
  2. 1931
  3. 1925 Correct answer.
  4. 1960

Explanation

Cyprus was formally proclaimed a Crown Colony in 1925, following the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. This changed the island's constitutional status within the British Empire. It remained a colony until independence in 1960.

Question 40History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

Which 1923 treaty recognized Britain's annexation of Cyprus?

  1. Treaty of Lausanne Correct answer.
  2. Treaty of Paris (1856)
  3. Treaty of Sèvres (1920)
  4. Treaty of Berlin (1878)

Explanation

The Treaty of Lausanne of 1923, between the Allied powers and Turkey, recognized British sovereignty over Cyprus. Sèvres was an earlier, unratified treaty with the Ottoman Empire, and Berlin and Paris were other diplomatic settlements.

Question 41History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

Who served as Vice President of the Republic of Cyprus from 1960 to 1973?

  1. Mehmet Ali Talat
  2. Osman Örek
  3. Rauf Denktaş
  4. Fazıl Küçük Correct answer.

Explanation

Under the 1960 constitution, the vice presidency was reserved for a Turkish Cypriot, and Fazıl Küçük held the office until 1973. Rauf Denktaş later led the Turkish Cypriot administration, Mehmet Ali Talat became president of the TRNC, and Osman Örek held other ministerial posts.

Question 42History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

In which year did Turkish Cypriots proclaim the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus?

  1. 1983
  2. 1990
  3. 1975 Correct answer.
  4. 1974

Explanation

The Turkish Federated State of Cyprus was declared in 1975, after the 1974 division of the island. It was succeeded by the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in 1983. The other years do not match these declarations.

Question 43History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

In which year did the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus declare independence?

  1. 1993
  2. 1980
  3. 1975
  4. 1983 Correct answer.

Explanation

The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus declared independence in 1983. The United Nations Security Council subsequently called the declaration legally invalid. It followed the earlier Turkish Federated State of Cyprus of 1975.

Question 44History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

Which UN peacekeeping force was established for Cyprus in 1964?

  1. UNEF
  2. UNFICYP Correct answer.
  3. UNPROFOR
  4. UNIFIL

Explanation

The United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus, UNFICYP, was established in 1964 after intercommunal violence. It has remained on the island since then. UNEF, UNPROFOR, and UNIFIL were deployed in other conflicts.

Question 45History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

Which comprehensive settlement plan for Cyprus was rejected by Greek Cypriots in a 2004 referendum?

  1. Denktash Plan
  2. Acheson Plan
  3. Annan Plan Correct answer.
  4. Baker Plan

Explanation

The Annan Plan, named after UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, proposed a united Cyprus before EU accession and was put to referendums in 2004. Greek Cypriots rejected it while Turkish Cypriots accepted it. The other plans were earlier or different diplomatic proposals.

Question 46History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

Who was the first President of the Republic of Cyprus?

  1. George Vasiliou
  2. Makarios III Correct answer.
  3. Spyros Kyprianou
  4. Glafcos Clerides

Explanation

Archbishop Makarios III served as the first President of Cyprus from 1960 until his death in 1977, apart from the interruption of the 1974 coup. Clerides, Kyprianou, and Vasiliou were later presidents. The office was created by the 1960 constitution.

Question 47History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

Which ancient city of Cyprus was severely damaged by an earthquake in 365 AD and never fully recovered?

  1. Paphos
  2. Salamis
  3. Kourion Correct answer.
  4. Kyrenia

Explanation

A major earthquake in 365 AD devastated Kourion, and the city never regained its former prominence. Paphos, Salamis, and Kyrenia were also ancient settlements but are not the city associated with that catastrophic earthquake.

Question 48History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

Which apostle, according to the Acts of the Apostles, preached in Cyprus and converted the Roman proconsul Sergius Paulus?

  1. Paul Correct answer.
  2. Peter
  3. Andrew
  4. John

Explanation

Acts describes Paul and Barnabas travelling through Cyprus and converting the proconsul Sergius Paulus at Paphos. This episode is an early reference to Christianity on the island. Peter, John, and Andrew are associated with other missions.

Question 49History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

The Ottoman reform decree of 1839, the Hatt-i Sharif of Gulhane, launched which reform era?

  1. Young Turk era
  2. Tanzimat Correct answer.
  3. Meşrutiyet
  4. Hamidian era

Explanation

The Hatt-i Sharif of Gulhane in 1839 initiated the Tanzimat, a period of Ottoman administrative and legal reform. It promised security of life, honor, and property and sought greater equality among subjects. The Young Turk and Hamidian eras came later, and Meşrutiyet refers to the constitutional era.

Question 50History of Cyprus (ancient, Byzantine, medieval, Ottoman and modern periods)

In which year did Cyprus join the Non-Aligned Movement?

  1. 1961 Correct answer.
  2. 1964
  3. 1975
  4. 1960

Explanation

Cyprus joined the Non-Aligned Movement in 1961, the year after independence, under President Makarios III. Non-alignment became a pillar of Cypriot foreign policy during the Cold War. The other years do not correspond to Cypriot membership.