Pancyprian Modern Greek study materials
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Pancyprian Modern Greek practice questions

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Question 1Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

What is the correct genitive singular of «ο δρόμος» in the phrase «το πλάτος ___» (the width of the road)?

  1. του δρόμο
  2. του δρόμου Correct answer.
  3. των δρόμων
  4. τον δρόμο

Explanation

Masculine nouns in -ος (ο δρόμος) form the genitive singular in -ου: «του δρόμου». This is the standard second-declension pattern in Modern Greek.

Question 2Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

What is the correct plural of the neuter noun «το παιδί» (the child)?

  1. τα παιδιά Correct answer.
  2. τα παιδία
  3. οι παιδιά
  4. τα παιδί

Explanation

Neuter nouns in -ί form their plural in -ιά with the neuter article τα: «το παιδί → τα παιδιά».

Question 3Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct form: «Αύριο θέλω να ___ το γράμμα.» (Tomorrow I want to write the letter.)

  1. γράφω
  2. έγραψα
  3. γράψω Correct answer.
  4. γράψουμε

Explanation

After «να» for a single completed future action, Modern Greek uses the aorist (perfective) subjunctive: «να γράψω». The stem changes from γραφ- to γραψ-.

Question 4Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct form: «Το σπίτι ___ πριν από δέκα χρόνια.» (The house was built ten years ago.)

  1. χτίζει
  2. χτιζόταν
  3. έχτισε
  4. χτίστηκε Correct answer.

Explanation

The sentence needs the passive aorist of «χτίζω»: «χτίστηκε» (was built). Passive aorist stems end in -στηκ-/-θηκ-/-τηκ-.

Question 5Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct form: «Η ___ αυλή είναι γεμάτη λουλούδια.» (The big yard is full of flowers.)

  1. μεγάλη Correct answer.
  2. μεγάλος
  3. μεγάλο
  4. μεγάλοι

Explanation

The adjective must agree in gender, number and case with the noun it modifies. «αυλή» is feminine singular nominative, so the adjective is «μεγάλη».

Question 6Greek text comprehension and synthesis

Read the excerpt: «Η Μαρία άνοιξε το παράθυρο. Μια δροσερή αύρα μπήκε στο δωμάτιο.» What is the main event in the first sentence?

  1. Maria felt cold air enter the room
  2. Maria opened the window Correct answer.
  3. Maria left the house
  4. Maria cleaned the room

Explanation

The first sentence states the action directly: «άνοιξε το παράθυρο» (she opened the window). The breeze entering is described in the second sentence as a consequence.

Question 7Greek text comprehension and synthesis

Read: «Ο Γιώργος καθόταν σιωπηλά. Δεν απάντησε στην ερώτηση. Κοίταζε το πάτωμα.» What can the reader infer about Giorgos?

  1. He is enthusiastic about the question
  2. He is angry and about to shout
  3. He is reluctant or unwilling to respond Correct answer.
  4. He did not hear the question

Explanation

Silence, failure to answer, and looking at the floor are behavioral cues suggesting reluctance, embarrassment, or refusal. Inference from implicit detail is central to text comprehension.

Question 8Greek text comprehension and synthesis

Read the dialogue: «- Πού πας; - Στο σχολείο. - Γιατί τόσο νωρίς; - Έχω εξέταση.» What is the reason for leaving early?

  1. To visit a friend
  2. Because of an exam Correct answer.
  3. To buy school supplies
  4. Because of rain

Explanation

The final reply «Έχω εξέταση» (I have an exam) directly answers «Γιατί τόσο νωρίς;». Reading dialogue for explicit cause-and-effect is a basic comprehension skill.

Question 9Greek text comprehension and synthesis

In the sentence «Παρά την κούραση, ο αθλητής τερμάτισε πρώτος», the phrase «παρά την κούραση» expresses:

  1. a cause
  2. a concession (despite tiredness) Correct answer.
  3. a purpose
  4. a time relation

Explanation

«Παρά» introduces a concessive meaning: despite being tired, the athlete still finished first. Recognizing logical relations within a sentence aids comprehension.

Question 10Greek text comprehension and synthesis

Read: «Το σπίτι ήταν άδειο. Τα έπιπλα σκεπασμένα με λευκά σεντόνια. Στην κουζίνα, ένα φλιτζάνι ακόμα πάνω στο τραπέζι.» What mood does the description most strongly suggest?

  1. festive celebration
  2. abandonment or absence Correct answer.
  3. a busy family breakfast
  4. a newly renovated home

Explanation

Covered furniture, emptiness, and a single forgotten cup create an atmosphere of departure or long absence. Tone and mood are inferred from cumulative descriptive detail.

Question 11Greek writing, argument and mediation

In a formal essay (έκθεση), which opening best suits the topic «Η σημασία της ανάγνωσης»?

  1. «Γεια σας φίλοι μου, σήμερα θα σας πω για τα βιβλία.»
  2. «Τα βιβλία είναι ωραία και εγώ τα αγαπώ πολύ.»
  3. «Η ανάγνωση αποτελεί θεμέλιο της πνευματικής ανάπτυξης, καθώς διευρύνει τον κόσμο του αναγνώστη.» Correct answer.
  4. «Δεν ξέρω τι να γράψω για την ανάγνωση.»

Explanation

A formal essay opening should state the topic clearly, use an appropriate register, and present a thesis or guiding idea. The sentence beginning «Η ανάγνωση αποτελεί θεμέλιο…» introduces the subject with formal vocabulary and a clear claim.

Question 12Greek writing, argument and mediation

Which transition best links a paragraph about environmental problems to one proposing solutions?

  1. «Ωστόσο, υπάρχουν τρόποι αντιμετώπισης αυτών των προβλημάτων.» Correct answer.
  2. «Επίσης, η ρύπανση αυξάνεται κάθε χρόνο.»
  3. «Για παράδειγμα, πολλοί άνθρωποι αγαπούν τη φύση.»
  4. «Συνεπώς, δεν υπάρχει καμία ελπίδα.»

Explanation

«Ωστόσο» (however) signals a shift from problem to remedy while maintaining coherence. Effective paragraph linking is assessed in the writing rubric.

Question 13Greek writing, argument and mediation

In an argumentative essay, which sentence best states a thesis?

  1. «Πολλοί μαθητές πηγαίνουν στο σχολείο κάθε μέρα.»
  2. «Η τεχνολογία στο σχολείο βελτιώνει τη μάθηση όταν συνοδεύεται από παιδαγωγικό σχεδιασμό.» Correct answer.
  3. «Η τεχνολογία είναι καλή.»
  4. «Δεν ξέρω αν συμφωνώ ή διαφωνώ.»

Explanation

A thesis is a debatable, specific claim that the essay will defend. The sentence about technology improving learning when paired with pedagogical design takes a clear position with a qualifying condition, suitable for argumentation.

Question 14Greek writing, argument and mediation

Which closing sentence is most appropriate for a formal essay?

  1. «Λοιπόν, τα λέω εδώ, καλή τύχη!»
  2. «Συμπερασματικά, η παιδεία αποτελεί επένδυση στο μέλλον του ατόμου και της κοινωνίας.» Correct answer.
  3. «Δεν έχω άλλη ιδέα, τελειώσαμε.»
  4. «Και ζήσαμε εμείς καλά.»

Explanation

A formal conclusion should summarize the argument with «συμπερασματικά» or similar and restate the central idea in elevated register. The sentence beginning «Συμπερασματικά, η παιδεία…» does this appropriately.

Question 15Greek writing, argument and mediation

When summarizing a long article (περίληψη), a student should:

  1. copy entire paragraphs word for word
  2. include personal opinions unrelated to the source
  3. condense the main ideas in their own words without adding new arguments Correct answer.
  4. change all the facts to make the text more interesting

Explanation

A summary (περίληψη) retells the essential content briefly, in one's own words, preserving the source's meaning without distortion or irrelevant additions.

Question 16Modern Greek literary and rhetorical interpretation

In the line «Το φως του ήλιου χάιδευε το πρόσωπό της» (The sunlight caressed her face), which rhetorical device is used?

  1. μεταφορά (metaphor) Correct answer.
  2. παρομοίωση (simile)
  3. υπερβολή (hyperbole)
  4. αντίθεση (antithesis)

Explanation

Attributing the human action «χάιδευε» (caressed) to sunlight is personification through metaphor: an inanimate force is described as if it were alive and tender.

Question 17Modern Greek literary and rhetorical interpretation

A text is narrated in the first person by a character who says «είδα», «ένιωσα», «θυμάμαι». This narrative technique is called:

  1. αφηγητής όλων ειδώσεων (omniscient narrator)
  2. αφηγητής πρώτου προσώπου (first-person narrator) Correct answer.
  3. αφηγητής τρίτου προσώπου (third-person narrator)
  4. εσωτερική μονολογική αφήγηση (stream of consciousness)

Explanation

When the narrator speaks as «εγώ» and reports personal perception («είδα», «ένιωσα»), the story is told in the first person. Identifying point of view is a core literary-analysis skill.

Question 18Modern Greek literary and rhetorical interpretation

Which sentence contains a comparison introduced by «σαν» or «όπως»?

  1. «Το κορίτσι τρέχει γρήγορα.»
  2. «Το κορίτσι τρέχει σαν άνεμος.» Correct answer.
  3. «Το κορίτσι τρέχει και χαμογελά.»
  4. «Το κορίτσι τρέχει προς το σπίτι.»

Explanation

«σαν άνεμος» (like the wind) is a simile (παρομοίωση): an explicit comparison between the girl's running and the wind using the marker «σαν».

Question 19Modern Greek literary and rhetorical interpretation

In a poem, the repeated image of a «σπασμένος καθρέφτης» (broken mirror) at the beginning and end most likely functions as:

  1. a random decorative detail
  2. a framing device that reinforces the theme of fragmented identity Correct answer.
  3. proof that the poem is written in prose
  4. an example of direct dialogue

Explanation

Repeating a symbolic image at the opening and closing of a work creates a frame (περίπλοκος) that unifies the text. A broken mirror commonly symbolizes fractured self-perception or identity.

Question 20Modern Greek literary and rhetorical interpretation

«Ήρθε η άνοιξη, ήρθαν τα λουλούδια, ήρθε η χαρά.» Which rhetorical device is primarily used?

  1. επανάληψη (anaphora/repetition) Correct answer.
  2. ειρωνεία (irony)
  3. αλληγορία (allegory)
  4. αποφθεγματισμός (aphorism)

Explanation

The repeated phrase «ήρθε/ήρθαν» at the start of successive clauses is anaphora (επαναληπτική αρχή), a rhythmic device that links spring, flowers, and joy.

Question 21Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

What is the correct comparative form of the adjective «καλός» (good)?

  1. καλότερος
  2. πιο καλότερος
  3. καλύτερος Correct answer.
  4. καλότατος

Explanation

«καλός» has the irregular comparative «καλύτερος» (better). The regular pattern «πιο + adjective» gives «πιο καλός», never combined with a comparative form.

Question 22Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct form: «Τα κύματα ___ χτυπούν στους βράχους.» (The waves of the seas hit the rocks.)

  1. της θάλασσας
  2. των θαλασσών Correct answer.
  3. τις θάλασσες
  4. οι θάλασσες

Explanation

The phrase needs the genitive plural of «η θάλασσα»: «των θαλασσών». Feminine nouns in -α form the genitive plural in -ών.

Question 23Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

What is the correct genitive singular of the neuter noun «το μέρος» (the place/part)?

  1. του μέρου
  2. του μερού
  3. του μέρη
  4. του μέρους Correct answer.

Explanation

Neuter nouns in -ος (το μέρος, το βάθος, το έθνος) keep -ος in the genitive singular: «του μέρους». The plural is «τα μέρη», genitive «των μερών».

Question 24Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct clitic pronoun: «___ το έδωσα στον Γιάννη χθες.» (I gave it to Yannis yesterday.)

  1. Του Correct answer.
  2. Τον
  3. Του τον
  4. Στον

Explanation

The indirect object (to Yannis) is expressed by the genitive clitic «του» (to him): «Του το έδωσα». The direct object is already expressed by «το».

Question 25Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct participle: «Τα ___ από τη Μαρία γράμματα έφτασαν χθες.» (The letters written by Maria arrived yesterday.)

  1. γράφοντα
  2. γραμμένα Correct answer.
  3. γραφόμενα
  4. γραψίμενα

Explanation

The passive participle in -μένος/-μένη/-μένο (γραμμένος = written) agrees with the neuter plural «γράμματα»: «τα γραμμένα γράμματα».

Question 26Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct form: «Εγώ αύριο θα ___ όλο το βιβλίο.» (Tomorrow I will read the whole book.)

  1. διαβάζω
  2. διαβάσω Correct answer.
  3. διάβαζα
  4. διαβάσουμε

Explanation

The future with «θα» for a single completed action uses the aorist (perfective) stem: «θα διαβάσω». The imperfective «θα διαβάζω» would mean 'I will be reading' (ongoing/habitual).

Question 27Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct aorist of the deponent verb «έρχομαι»: «Χθες ___ νωρίς στο σχολείο.» (Yesterday I came to school early.)

  1. ήρθα Correct answer.
  2. ερχόμουν
  3. έρχομαι
  4. θα έρθω

Explanation

«έρχομαι» is a deponent verb (passive form, active meaning) with the suppletive aorist «ήρθα». The past time marker «χθες» requires a past tense.

Question 28Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct form: «Οι γονείς ___ τα παιδιά τους.» (Parents love their children.)

  1. αγαπά
  2. αγαπάς
  3. αγαπάμε
  4. αγαπούν Correct answer.

Explanation

The contract verb «αγαπώ» (α- conjugation) forms the 3rd person plural present as «αγαπούν(ε)». The plural subject «οι γονείς» requires a plural verb.

Question 29Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct form: «Το περασμένο καλοκαίρι ___ για ένα μήνα σε ένα εστιατόριο.» (Last summer I worked for a month in a restaurant.)

  1. δουλεύω
  2. δούλεψα Correct answer.
  3. εδούλεψα
  4. δούλευα

Explanation

A completed past action with defined duration takes the aorist. «δουλεύω» forms the aorist with a syllabic augment and the ending -ψα: «δούλεψα». The initial ε- of «εδούλεψα» is wrong because the verb already begins with a consonant that takes the augment as an ε- replacing nothing - the correct augment changes δου- to δού-.

Question 30Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct imperative: «Παιδιά, ___ τα ονόματά σας στο χαρτί!» (Kids, write your names on the paper!)

  1. γράφετε
  2. γράψτε Correct answer.
  3. γράψε
  4. γράφτε

Explanation

The aorist imperative plural of «γράφω» is «γράψτε» (2nd person plural, perfective, for a single completed action). «γράψε» is the singular form.

Question 31Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct relative word: «Το βιβλίο ___ διάβασα ήταν πολύ ενδιαφέρον.» (The book that I read was very interesting.)

  1. που Correct answer.
  2. τον οποίο
  3. ο οποίος
  4. ό,τι

Explanation

The indeclinable relative «που» introduces relative clauses for any gender, number or case and is the most common choice in Modern Greek. Here the antecedent «το βιβλίο» is neuter, so «που» is correct.

Question 32Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct form: «Η λύση ___ ήταν απλή.» (The solution of the problem was simple.)

  1. του προβλήματος Correct answer.
  2. του προβλήμα
  3. των προβλημάτων
  4. το πρόβλημα

Explanation

Neuter nouns in -μα form the genitive singular in -ματος: «το πρόβλημα → του προβλήματος». The whole -μα/-ματος family (θέμα, σύστημα, αποτέλεσμα) follows this pattern.

Question 33Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

What is the correct genitive singular of «ο καφές» (the coffee)?

  1. του καφέ Correct answer.
  2. του καφέδος
  3. του καφέου
  4. τον καφέ

Explanation

Masculine nouns in -ές (ο καφές, ο τσεκούρης belongs elsewhere) like «ο καφές» drop the final -ς in the genitive: «του καφέ». The plural is «οι καφέδες».

Question 34Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct demonstrative phrase: «___ βιβλίο μου άρεσε πολύ.» (This book pleased me a lot.)

  1. Αυτό το Correct answer.
  2. Αυτός ο
  3. Αυτή η
  4. Αυτά τα

Explanation

The demonstrative «αυτός/αυτή/αυτό» must agree with its noun and is followed by the definite article: «αυτό το βιβλίο». «βιβλίο» is neuter singular, hence «αυτό το».

Question 35Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct form of the verb «είμαι»: «Εμείς ___ μαθητές της Γ' Λυκείου.» (We are third-year lyceum students.)

  1. είστε
  2. είμαστε Correct answer.
  3. είναι
  4. είμαι

Explanation

The 1st person plural of the irregular verb «είμαι» is «είμαστε». Conjugation: είμαι, είσαι, είναι, είμαστε, είστε, είναι.

Question 36Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct form: «Τα ρούχα ___ στο πλυντήριο κάθε Σάββατο.» (The clothes are washed in the washing machine every Saturday.)

  1. πλένουν
  2. πλένονται Correct answer.
  3. έπλεναν
  4. πλύθηκαν

Explanation

The clothes receive the action, so the passive present «πλένονται» is needed. The habitual marker «κάθε Σάββατο» confirms the present tense, not the aorist.

Question 37Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct form: «Βλέπω ___ κάθε μέρα.» (I see father every day.)

  1. τον πατέρα Correct answer.
  2. ο πατέρας
  3. του πατέρα
  4. οι πατέρες

Explanation

The direct object of «βλέπω» takes the accusative: «τον πατέρα». Masculine nouns in -έρας/-τήρας drop the -ς in the accusative singular.

Question 38Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

What is the correct nominative plural of «η γυναίκα» (the woman)?

  1. οι γυναίκες Correct answer.
  2. τα γυναίκα
  3. η γυναίκες
  4. οι γυναικών

Explanation

Feminine nouns in -α form the nominative plural in -ες: «η γυναίκα → οι γυναίκες». The genitive plural is «των γυναικών».

Question 39Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

What is the correct comparative form of «πολύς» (much/many)?

  1. πολύτερος
  2. περισσότερος Correct answer.
  3. πιο πολύτερος
  4. πλέον

Explanation

«πολύς» has the irregular comparative «περισσότερος» (more). This Ancient Greek inheritance cannot be formed with the regular suffix -ότερος.

Question 40Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct periphrastic perfect: «___ ήδη την εργασία μου.» (I have already written my essay.)

  1. Έχω γράψει Correct answer.
  2. Έγραψα έχει
  3. Γράφω έχω
  4. Έχω γράφει

Explanation

The Modern Greek perfect is formed with «έχω» + the invariant aorist infinitive form: «έχω γράψει». The second element keeps the perfective stem γραψ- with the ending -ει.

Question 41Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct connective: «Η Άννα είπε ___ θα έρθει αύριο.» (Anna said that she will come tomorrow.)

  1. να
  2. ότι Correct answer.
  3. που
  4. αν

Explanation

Reported statements (indirect speech) are introduced by «ότι» or «πως» + indicative: «είπε ότι θα έρθει». «να» introduces subjunctive clauses of wish, purpose or command.

Question 42Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct form: «Αν ___ χρήματα, θα αγόραζα καινούριο αμάξι.» (If I had money, I would buy a new car.)

  1. έχω
  2. είχα Correct answer.
  3. θα έχω
  4. έχα

Explanation

A hypothetical (unreal) condition about the present uses «αν» + imperfect in the if-clause and «θα» + imperfect in the main clause: «Αν είχα..., θα αγόραζα...».

Question 43Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Turn into indirect speech: Ο Γιώργος είπε: «Θα ταξιδέψω αύριο.» (Giorgos said: 'I will travel tomorrow.')

  1. Ο Γιώργος είπε ότι θα ταξιδέψει αύριο.
  2. Ο Γιώργος είπε ότι θα ταξίδευε την επόμενη μέρα. Correct answer.
  3. Ο Γιώργος είπε να ταξιδέψει αύριο.
  4. Ο Γιώργος είπε ότι ταξιδεύει αύριο.

Explanation

In indirect speech after a past reporting verb, the future «θα ταξιδέψω» shifts to the conditional «θα ταξίδευε», and the time adverb «αύριο» shifts to «την επόμενη μέρα».

Question 44Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct connective: «Η ομάδα έχασε το πρώτο ημίχρονο· ___, κέρδισε το ματς.» (The team lost the first half; ___, it won the match.)

  1. επομένως
  2. δηλαδή
  3. ωστόσο Correct answer.
  4. επειδή

Explanation

The second clause contrasts with the first, so the adversative connective «ωστόσο» (however) is correct. Contrast is the key logical relation here.

Question 45Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct relative phrase: «Η φίλη με ___ πήγα στο θέατρο είναι ηθοποιός.» (The friend with whom I went to the theatre is an actress.)

  1. την οποία Correct answer.
  2. που
  3. αυτήν
  4. η οποία

Explanation

After a preposition («με»), the inflected relative «ο οποίος» is required, agreeing with «η φίλη» in the accusative feminine: «με την οποία». The indeclinable «που» cannot directly follow a preposition.

Question 46Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Which sentence follows the most neutral, unmarked word order in Modern Greek?

  1. Ο μαθητής διαβάζει το βιβλίο. Correct answer.
  2. Το βιβλίο ο μαθητής διαβάζει.
  3. Το βιβλίο διαβάζει ο μαθητής.
  4. Διαβάζει το βιβλίο ο μαθητής.

Explanation

The neutral order in Modern Greek is Subject–Verb–Object: «Ο μαθητής διαβάζει το βιβλίο.» Greek word order is flexible, but moving the object or verb to the front adds emphasis or stylistic marking.

Question 47Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct form: «Παρόλο που ___ δυνατά, βγήκαμε βόλτα.» (Although it was raining heavily, we went for a walk.)

  1. έβρεχε Correct answer.
  2. βρέχει
  3. θα βρέξει
  4. να έβρεχε

Explanation

«Παρόλο που» (although) introduces a concessive clause with the indicative. The main clause is past («βγήκαμε»), so the imperfect «έβρεχε» expresses the simultaneous ongoing rain.

Question 48Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Which is the correct passive transformation of «Ο σκύλος κυνήγησε τη γάτα» (The dog chased the cat)?

  1. Η γάτα κυνήγησε τον σκύλο.
  2. Ο σκύλος κυνηγήθηκε από τη γάτα.
  3. Η γάτα κυνηγήθηκε από τον σκύλο. Correct answer.
  4. Κυνηγήθηκε η γάτα τον σκύλο.

Explanation

In the passive, the object of the active sentence (η γάτα) becomes the subject, the verb takes the passive aorist «κυνηγήθηκε», and the former subject appears with «από» + accusative: «από τον σκύλο».

Question 49Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Which sentence contains an agreement error?

  1. Οι μαθητές ήρθαν νωρίς.
  2. Τα παιδιά παίζει στην αυλή. Correct answer.
  3. Η Μαρία γράφει ωραία.
  4. Εμείς φύγαμε χθες.

Explanation

The plural subject «τα παιδιά» requires the plural verb «παίζουν»: «Τα παιδιά παίζουν στην αυλή.» In Modern Greek the verb must agree in number with its neuter plural subject.

Question 50Modern Greek grammar and language reflection

Choose the correct correlative pair: «Η ταινία ήταν ___ ενδιαφέρουσα ___ συγκινητική.» (The film was not only interesting but also moving.)

  1. ούτε... ούτε
  2. είτε... είτε
  3. μόνο... αλλά
  4. όχι μόνο... αλλά και Correct answer.

Explanation

The correlative «όχι μόνο... αλλά και» (not only... but also) adds a second positive quality to the first, exactly the additive meaning of the sentence.