Enforcement Activities, Methods and Protection of Parties
What is tested
Concrete methods of execution, the reach of the seizure (postižení), and the devices that protect debtors and third parties - the practical core of enforcement.
Core rules
- Způsoby provedení: srážky ze mzdy and other income, přikázání pohledávky (bank account, receivables, insurance), prodej movitých věcí, prodej nemovitých věcí, postižení závodu, vyklizení, odebrání věci and zřízení exekutorského zástavního práva.
- Priority: přednostní pohledávky (support, wages, taxes, social insurance) are satisfied from the part reserved for them; after deducting the nezabavitelná částka the remainder of net income is split into thirds and allocated under § 276–279 OSŘ.
- The nezabavitelná částka derives from životní minimum and normativní náklady na bydlení under nařízení vlády No. 595/2006 Sb. and increases for dependants. The debtor always keeps it plus the part of the thirds not assigned to creditors.
- Third persons: an owner of a seized item who is not the debtor may bring a vylučovací (excindační) žaloba under § 267 OSŘ within the statutory period; a spouse may invoke separate or marital property rules.
- Movables: soupis with a protocol, valuation and dražba; ordinary household items, tools of trade up to a limit and health-related items are excluded. Nemovitosti: dražební vyhláška, highest bid and the court's usnesení o příklepu.
- Protection: odklad, zastavení, proportionality, and the exekutor's liability for unlawful interference.
Worked example
The exekutor seizes a car standing in the debtor's yard, but the vehicle belongs to the debtor's brother, who produces a purchase contract and insurance documents. Complaining to the exekutor is not enough: the brother must file a vylučovací žaloba against the creditor within the period under § 267 OSŘ, otherwise the car is sold and his remedy is damages only. Meanwhile the exekutor checks the register and releases the car if the doubts are serious.
Traps
Assuming everything present on the premises can be seized; treating the nezabavitelná částka as negotiable; missing the deadline for the vylučovací žaloba; applying priority rules to ordinary claims; forgetting that the debtor keeps a statutory share of the thirds.