Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure (relevant aspects)
What is tested
Act No. 40/2009 Sb. (trestní zákoník) and Act No. 141/1961 Sb. (trestní řád), limited to what an exekutor actually meets: obstruction of enforcement, property and insolvency offences by debtors, and the procedural position of a person supplying evidence.
Core rules
- Legality: nullum crimen sine lege (Art. 39 Listiny); presumption of innocence and in dubio pro reo (Art. 40); the burden lies with the prosecution.
- Maření výkonu úředního rozhodnutí a vykázání (§ 337 TZ) covers disposing of, damaging, concealing or removing a thing subject to execution - the typical debtor offence in enforcement files.
- Property offences: krádež (§ 205), zpronevěra (§ 206), podvod (§ 209). Insolvency-related: poškození věřitele (§ 222), zvýhodnění věřitele (§ 223), insolvenční podvod (§ 225).
- Legal persons may be criminally liable under Act No. 418/2011 Sb.
- Procedure: přípravné řízení (policejní orgán, státní zástupce), obžaloba, hlavní líčení; trestní příkaz without a hearing in petty cases; appeal within 8 days of service (§ 143 TŘ); dovolání to the Nejvyšší soud within 2 months; ústavní stížnost afterwards.
- Securing instruments: vazba, domovní prohlídka, seizure of property and odposlech, each requiring judicial authorisation and proportionality.
Worked example
During a seizure in a workshop the debtor tells an employee to move three machines to a neighbour's garage. The exekutor records the instruction in the protocol and the police are informed. The conduct meets § 337 TZ (removal of a thing subject to execution), not merely a breach of a duty to surrender. The exekutor's role is evidentiary: he documents and may be heard as a witness; he neither decides guilt nor imposes sanctions. The protocol and photographs carry the case, and the sanction is for the court within the statutory range.
Traps
Reducing a debtor's concealment of assets to a mere přestupek; assuming the exekutor may arrest, search or seize a person without judicial authorisation; confusing the 8-day criminal appeal with the 15-day civil one; assuming the exekutor can review the merits of a criminal complaint.