DAT flashcards
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32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium condition
- Allele and genotype frequencies remain constant across generations in an idealized population with no mutation, migration, selection, genetic drift, or nonrandom mating.
- Michaelis constant Km
- Substrate concentration at which reaction velocity is half of Vmax; a lower Km indicates higher enzyme affinity for the substrate.
- Competitive inhibition effect
- Inhibitor binds reversibly at the enzyme active site, raising apparent Km while leaving Vmax unchanged; increasing substrate concentration can overcome the inhibition.
- SN2 reaction stereochemistry
- A one-step backside nucleophilic attack causes inversion of configuration at the stereocenter; the rate depends on both substrate and nucleophile concentrations.
- Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
- pH equals pKa plus the logarithm of conjugate base concentration divided by weak acid concentration; it is used to calculate buffer pH.
- Gibbs free energy spontaneity
- A reaction is spontaneous at constant temperature and pressure when delta G is negative; delta G equals delta H minus temperature times delta S.
- DNA base pairing rules
- Adenine pairs with thymine through two hydrogen bonds; guanine pairs with cytosine through three hydrogen bonds; a purine always pairs with a pyrimidine.
- ATP hydrolysis energy
- Hydrolysis of one mole of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate releases about 7.3 kcal under standard conditions, driving otherwise endergonic cellular reactions.
- Hole punch unfolding rule
- Each unfold reflects existing holes across the fold line; holes lying exactly on a fold line remain single rather than doubling.
- Cube counting exposed faces
- Count visible painted faces only; subtract one exposed face for each cube-to-cube contact; hidden cubes cannot contribute visible painted faces.
- Aperture passing orientation
- The presented shape must pass through the opening without rotation or reflection; match the outline, notch positions, and relative proportions exactly.
- Angle ranking cue
- A larger angular opening means a larger angle; compare the separation of the two sides rather than the lengths of those sides.
- Paper folding layer count
- Each fold doubles the number of layers only in the folded region; a hole cut through all layers produces symmetric copies when unfolded.
- 3D form adjacent faces
- In a net, faces sharing an edge become adjacent in the folded solid; faces separated by one face often become opposite each other.
- Orthographic view alignment
- Top, front, and end views share dimensions: width aligns between front and top, height between front and end, and depth between top and end.
- Reflection symmetry on unfold
- Unfolding mirrors hole positions across each crease; diagonal creases produce diagonal mirror images rather than simple translations.
- Main idea answer test
- The correct main idea must cover the entire passage; an answer that is accurate but addresses only one paragraph is a supporting detail.
- EXCEPT question strategy
- Three choices are supported by the passage and one is not; locate textual evidence for each choice and eliminate the three true statements.
- Inference question rule
- The answer must follow necessarily from stated information and require no outside facts; avoid choices that merely seem reasonable in general.
- Author tone indicators
- Tone is revealed by word choice and emphasis; extreme adjectives usually signal strong attitude, while qualified language signals a measured or neutral stance.
- Vocabulary in context
- Define the word using the sentence and surrounding sentences; the common dictionary meaning may be wrong if the passage uses a specialized sense.
- Passage paragraph function
- Label each paragraph as claim, evidence, counterexample, or conclusion; this map helps locate details and reveals the passage's logical structure.
- Signal word contrast
- Words such as however, although, and nevertheless mark a shift; the author's main point often follows the contrast rather than the earlier statement.
- True but not answering
- A choice can be factually supported by the passage yet fail to answer the question; reread the question stem before selecting an answer.
- Percent change formula
- Percent change equals new value minus old value, divided by old value, times one hundred; a positive result indicates an increase.
- Combination formula
- The number of unordered selections equals n factorial divided by r factorial times n minus r factorial; order does not matter.
- Permutation formula
- The number of ordered arrangements equals n factorial divided by n minus r factorial; use it when position or order matters.
- Independent probability product
- For independent events, the probability that both occur equals the product of their individual probabilities; dependence requires conditional probability.
- Combined work rate
- Add individual work rates as reciprocals of completion times; total time equals the reciprocal of the sum of those rates.
- Compound interest formula
- Final amount equals principal times one plus annual rate divided by compounding periods, raised to the product of periods and years.
- Circle area and circumference
- Area equals pi times radius squared; circumference equals two times pi times radius; diameter is twice the radius.
- Slope-intercept line form
- y equals m x plus b, where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept; parallel lines share slope, and perpendicular slopes multiply to negative one.