Baden-Wuerttemberg Abitur Sport - independent theory foundations key terms

The rebuilding of adenosine triphosphate from ADP and phosphate so that muscle contraction can continue, achieved through phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis and aerobic pathways.

The fastest energy pathway, using stored creatine phosphate to rebuild ATP for brief, maximal efforts lasting roughly ten seconds or less.

A pathway producing ATP through carbohydrate breakdown without directly requiring oxygen in its reactions. Lactate formation supports continued glycolytic flux under relevant conditions and does not alone explain fatigue.

Energy production in the mitochondria using oxygen to break down carbohydrate and fat, supplying large amounts of ATP slowly for sustained submaximal activity.

The volume of oxygen consumed per unit time under the stated conditions. It is distinct from ventilation; whether a clear plateau appears depends on the test and person.

An operationally defined exercise-intensity marker based on the blood-lactate response to a test. Protocols and threshold definitions differ, so it is not a universal switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism.

A push or pull that changes or tends to change an object's motion or shape, measured in newtons and often produced by muscle contraction acting on the skeleton.

Three principles describing how force affects motion: objects resist change, acceleration depends on net force and mass, and every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

The product of an object's mass and velocity, representing how difficult it is to stop; it is transferred or changed through impulse during collisions and contacts.

The time integral of net force, equal to the change in momentum. When average net force is supplied, multiply that average by the interaction duration.

The turning effect of a force about an axis, calculated as force multiplied by the perpendicular distance from the axis, which governs joint rotation and leverage.

A rigid segment that rotates about a fulcrum when force is applied, used in the body to classify joints by the arrangement of muscle, load and pivot.

A learned, goal-directed movement performed with consistency and efficiency, such as a tennis serve or a netball pass, developed through practice rather than inherited.

Sorting skills along continua such as open versus closed, gross versus fine, and discrete versus continuous, so coaches can choose suitable practice and feedback methods.

A skill performed in a predictable environment where the performer decides when to start, such as a free throw or a gymnastics routine.

A skill performed in an unpredictable, changing environment where the performer must adapt timing and movement to external cues, such as marking an opponent in netball.

A skill in which decision making from visual or auditory information is combined with movement, for example reading a pass and intercepting it.

Predicting what will happen next from early cues in an opponent's body position or movement, allowing an athlete to react before the action is complete.

The internal and external forces that initiate, direct and sustain effort toward a goal, influencing persistence and choice of activity.

Engaging in an activity because it is enjoyable or personally satisfying, which tends to sustain participation longer than rewards coming from outside the person.

A person's belief in their capacity to succeed at a specific task, shaped by past success, modelling, encouragement and interpretation of arousal.

A general level of physiological and psychological activation, ranging from drowsiness to intense excitement, which can help or hinder performance depending on the task.

An unpleasant emotional state of worry and apprehension, with cognitive and physical components, often experienced before or during competition.

Establishing specific, measurable and challenging targets, with short-term steps toward long-term aims, to direct attention and sustain effort in training and competition.

The lifelong process through which people learn attitudes, values and behaviours regarded as appropriate in sport and physical activity settings.

Obstacles that limit involvement in physical activity, including cost, access, time, cultural expectations, disability and transport, which vary across population groups.

Fair treatment that provides opportunities matched to people's differing circumstances, aiming to remove disadvantage rather than simply offering identical conditions to all.

The motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge and understanding needed to value and take responsibility for engagement in physical activity across life.

Time spent sitting or lying while awake with very low energy expenditure, such as screen time, which is associated with poorer health independent of exercise habits.

Components of fitness linked to good health and reduced disease risk, including cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility and body composition.