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Germany Category D theory foundations study materials
Germany Category D theory foundations study resources

Germany Category D theory foundations practice questions

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Question 1Bus Passengers

A line bus is stopped at Zeichen 224 and passengers are boarding. How may a vehicle pass on the right?

  1. At walking speed, with enough distance, and without endangering or hindering passengers Correct answer.
  2. At up to 30 km/h if the bus doors are on the kerb side
  3. At normal urban speed if the vehicle stays outside the bus bay markings
  4. Only after the bus driver waves following traffic past

Explanation

StVO section 20 requires walking speed and sufficient clearance when passing on the right during boarding or alighting. If passengers would be endangered or hindered, the passing vehicle must wait.

Question 2Bus Passengers

What does StVO section 20 require when a line bus approaches a stop with hazard warning lights on?

  1. Other vehicles must not overtake it while it approaches the stop Correct answer.
  2. Other vehicles may overtake if they stay below 20 km/h
  3. Only vehicles in the bus lane must stop behind it
  4. Oncoming traffic must stop immediately even on a divided road

Explanation

A line bus or marked school bus approaching a stop with hazard warning lights switched on may not be overtaken. The walking-speed passing rule applies after it is stopped at the stop.

Question 3Bus Passengers

A line bus indicates it is leaving a marked stop. What should nearby traffic do if necessary?

  1. Allow the bus to pull out and wait if needed Correct answer.
  2. Accelerate past before the bus reaches the lane line
  3. Move into the bus bay to keep traffic flowing
  4. Flash headlights to cancel the bus driver's signal

Explanation

StVO section 20 states that line buses and school buses must be enabled to depart from marked stops. Other traffic must wait if necessary, while the bus driver still has to move carefully.

Question 4Bus Passengers

Before leaving a stop, which door check is essential for a bus driver?

  1. Boarding and alighting are complete, all doors are closed, and the door areas are clear Correct answer.
  2. The rear destination sign has changed to the next stop name
  3. Passengers have moved as far forward as possible
  4. The timetable display shows the correct delay in minutes

Explanation

Door safety is a direct passenger-safety duty. A bus should not move until doors are closed and mirror or camera checks show no passenger is trapped, boarding, alighting, or standing in the danger area.

Question 5Bus Passengers

Why is gentle acceleration and braking especially important in a city bus?

  1. Standing passengers can fall even when the bus is travelling slowly Correct answer.
  2. It allows the driver to shorten the required following distance
  3. It prevents all movement of luggage in the baggage hold
  4. It lets the bus enter stops without checking mirrors

Explanation

Many buses carry standing passengers or passengers walking to doors. Smooth acceleration, braking, and cornering reduce falls and injuries inside the vehicle.

Question 6Bus Passengers

Which set belongs in a bus pre-departure safety check?

  1. Brakes, tyres, lights, mirrors or cameras, doors, emergency exits, and warning equipment Correct answer.
  2. Ticket-printer paper, radio volume, interior advertising, and Wi-Fi login
  3. Seat upholstery, paint scratches, destination spelling, and lost-property box
  4. Fuel price, passenger timetable leaflets, depot gate code, and cleaning checklist

Explanation

A class D pre-departure check focuses on safety-critical vehicle systems and passenger-protection equipment. Comfort or operational items do not replace checks of brakes, tyres, visibility, doors, and emergency equipment.

Question 7Bus Passengers

Why are tyre checks particularly important on buses?

  1. Tyres carry high loads and strongly affect braking, steering, stability, and blowout risk Correct answer.
  2. Tyre condition decides whether the bus may use a marked stop
  3. Bus tyres are inspected only once during annual driver training
  4. A tyre defect affects comfort but not stopping distance

Explanation

Bus tyres carry heavy passenger loads. Damage, insufficient tread, incorrect pressure, or overheating can reduce control and create serious crash or evacuation hazards.

Question 8Bus Passengers

Why is the front-right area of a bus a critical blind-spot zone?

  1. Cyclists or pedestrians can disappear there just as the bus begins a right turn Correct answer.
  2. It is fully covered by the interior mirror above the windscreen
  3. It is dangerous only when the bus is reversing
  4. It is automatically monitored by the hazard warning lights

Explanation

The front-right and nearside areas can hide vulnerable road users. During a right turn, off-tracking and body sweep can bring the bus into their path even at low speed.

Question 9Bus Passengers

What is off-tracking during a bus turn?

  1. The rear wheels follow a path inside the path of the front wheels Correct answer.
  2. The bus temporarily loses satellite navigation in city streets
  3. The rear destination display shows the wrong route number
  4. The steering wheel returns to centre before the rear axle turns

Explanation

In a long vehicle, the rear axle cuts inside the front axle path. A bus driver must allow clearance from kerbs, cyclists, posts, and pedestrians on the inside of the turn.

Question 10Bus Passengers

A bus approaches a crowded kerbside stop. Which approach best controls risk?

  1. Slow early, align accurately, and keep mirror attention on the front corner and door area Correct answer.
  2. Stop far from the kerb so passengers must walk into the lane one at a time
  3. Approach briskly so waiting passengers step back from the kerb
  4. Open the front door just before the bus fully stops to speed boarding

Explanation

A slow, accurate stop protects waiting passengers, improves accessibility, and gives the driver time to watch the body overhang, mirrors, and door danger zones.

Question 11Bus Passengers

Before deploying a wheelchair ramp or kneeling system, what should the driver verify?

  1. The bus is stationary and secured, and the deployment area is clear Correct answer.
  2. The ramp can reach into a moving cycle lane if passengers are waiting
  3. The parking brake can be released once the ramp touches the kerb
  4. The bus may keep rolling at walking speed while the ramp lowers

Explanation

Accessibility equipment should be used only when the bus is stopped and secured. The driver must check that passengers, cyclists, kerbs, and traffic are clear of the moving ramp or body.

Question 12Bus Passengers

A door-open warning remains active when the bus is ready to leave. What is the correct response?

  1. Stay stopped, secure the bus if needed, and resolve the door condition before moving Correct answer.
  2. Move at walking speed until the air pressure finishes closing the door
  3. Ask passengers near the door to hold it closed during the first metres
  4. Switch to hazard warning lights and continue to the next stop

Explanation

A door warning may mean a passenger is trapped, a door is not closed, or the safety system has a defect. The bus should not move until the condition is safe.

Question 13Bus Passengers

Why should emergency exits, release handles, and emergency hammers be checked before carrying passengers?

  1. They may be needed if normal doors cannot be used after a fire, crash, or rollover Correct answer.
  2. They are used to confirm that the ticket validator has started correctly
  3. They determine whether the bus may use a bus special lane
  4. They are checked only when passengers request additional ventilation

Explanation

Passenger evacuation may depend on emergency exits and glass-breaking equipment. Blocked exits or missing hammers can turn a survivable incident into a severe passenger-safety failure.

Question 14Bus Passengers

What special danger exists when children leave a school bus?

  1. They may cross suddenly in front of or behind the bus and be hidden from view Correct answer.
  2. They always remain on the footpath until the bus has fully left
  3. They are protected from traffic by the bus destination display
  4. They are easier to see in mirrors because they move in groups

Explanation

Children can be unpredictable and small enough to be hidden by the bus body. The driver must use mirrors carefully and other road users must follow the StVO school-bus passing rules.

Question 15Bus Passengers

Why should bags and luggage not block the aisle or doors?

  1. They can trip passengers and obstruct evacuation routes Correct answer.
  2. They help distribute passenger load evenly during braking
  3. They are allowed if placed only between the centre doors
  4. They keep standing passengers from moving before the next stop

Explanation

Aisles and doorways must remain usable for boarding, alighting, and emergency evacuation. Loose objects can also move during braking or cornering and injure passengers.

Question 16Bus Passengers

Why is air-pressure build-up checked on an air-brake bus before departure?

  1. Insufficient pressure can make service or parking brake functions unsafe Correct answer.
  2. It confirms that the air-conditioning compressor is cooling the cabin
  3. It proves that tyre pressure is equal on all axles
  4. It sets the warning tone for the next door-closing signal

Explanation

Many buses rely on compressed air for braking systems. Low pressure or pressure that does not build correctly is a safety-critical defect before carrying passengers.

Question 17Bus Passengers

What can excessive steering free play during a check indicate?

  1. A steering defect that may reduce directional control Correct answer.
  2. A normal effect of a bus with power steering at low speed
  3. A sign that the passenger load is below the design mass
  4. A fault only in the route guidance display, not the steering system

Explanation

Steering play can signal worn or defective steering components. On a long passenger vehicle, imprecise control is a serious risk for lane keeping, avoidance, and narrow streets.

Question 18Bus Passengers

When should mirrors and camera-monitor systems be adjusted?

  1. Before moving, from the normal seated driving position Correct answer.
  2. After the first stop, once the bus has a full passenger load
  3. Only after entering the first roundabout on the route
  4. When the bus reaches cruising speed and vibration settles

Explanation

Indirect vision must be set before departure from the driver's actual seating position. Correct mirror and camera coverage is essential for blind spots, doors, lane changes, and turns.

Question 19Bus Passengers

What is good downhill practice in a heavy bus?

  1. Select a suitable low gear or retarder strategy before the descent and avoid overheating service brakes Correct answer.
  2. Coast in neutral so the engine does not hold the bus back
  3. Let speed build up first, then brake hard near the bottom
  4. Use the parking brake intermittently as the main downhill brake

Explanation

Long descents can overheat service brakes and cause brake fade. Speed should be controlled before and during the descent using the appropriate gear, retarder, and smooth service-brake use.

Question 20Bus Passengers

What observation habit is vital before and during a bus right turn?

  1. Repeated mirror, camera, direct-view, and blind-area checks as the situation changes Correct answer.
  2. One mirror glance before braking for the junction
  3. Checking only the front traffic light until the rear axle has cleared
  4. Watching the left mirror because the right side is protected by the kerb

Explanation

Pedestrians and cyclists can enter the danger area after the first check. The driver must keep observing through the turn and be ready to stop.

Question 21Bus Passengers

Why can the front overhang be dangerous when a bus pulls away from a kerb?

  1. The front corner can swing toward waiting passengers, signs, or adjacent vehicles Correct answer.
  2. The front axle always moves inward more than the rear axle
  3. The overhang prevents the driver from seeing traffic lights ahead
  4. The bus becomes shorter while steering away from the kerb

Explanation

When steering away from a stop, the bus body can sweep laterally near people and objects at the kerb. Low speed and mirror checks reduce the risk.

Question 22Bus Passengers

What is tail swing on a bus?

  1. The rear body moves outward opposite the direction of the turn Correct answer.
  2. The rear wheels temporarily steer in the opposite direction
  3. The rear doors open slightly when air pressure changes
  4. The back of the bus follows the exact track of the front bumper

Explanation

During a turn, the rear overhang can swing outward. Drivers need clearance from posts, cyclists, parked vehicles, and passengers near the stop.

Question 23Bus Passengers

What is the safest lane-change method for a bus?

  1. Plan early, check mirrors and blind spots, signal, recheck, and move gradually into a safe gap Correct answer.
  2. Signal once and immediately move because following drivers must create space
  3. Move the front half into the next lane first so traffic understands the intention
  4. Ask standing passengers to watch the blind side during heavy traffic

Explanation

A bus is long and has large blind spots. Safe lane changes require early planning, clear signalling, repeated observation, and a gradual move only when the whole vehicle has space.

Question 24Bus Passengers

What does ABS help a bus driver maintain during hard braking?

  1. Steering control by reducing wheel lock, while stopping distance still depends on conditions Correct answer.
  2. A constant stopping distance on wet, dry, icy, and gravel roads
  3. Automatic priority over vehicles entering from side roads
  4. Correct air pressure in every brake circuit

Explanation

ABS helps prevent wheel lock so the driver can steer during emergency braking. It cannot overcome poor tyres, ice, water, excessive speed, or inadequate following distance.

Question 25Bus Passengers

Why should a retarder be used carefully on a slippery road?

  1. Strong braking force at the drive wheels can reduce stability when grip is low Correct answer.
  2. Retarders work only when the parking brake is applied
  3. Retarders increase the permitted passenger capacity on descents
  4. A retarder automatically switches off all brake lights

Explanation

Retarders are useful for controlling speed on descents, but abrupt auxiliary braking on low-grip surfaces can affect drive-wheel traction and stability. Inputs should be smooth and vehicle guidance followed.

Question 26Bus Passengers

A bus cannot fully enter its stop bay and the doors would open near a cycle lane. What risk must the driver manage?

  1. Cyclists or e-scooter riders may be passing exactly where passengers would step out Correct answer.
  2. Passengers will always see the cycle lane before leaving the bus
  3. The cycle lane automatically loses priority while the bus doors are open
  4. The correct action is to open only the rear doors because cyclists watch the front

Explanation

Abnormal stop positioning can put passengers directly into a cycle conflict area. The driver must use mirrors and door controls to avoid releasing passengers into passing cyclists or e-scooters.

Question 27Bus Passengers

Why is overcrowding a safety issue, not just a comfort issue?

  1. It can exceed capacity or mass limits, block exits, and increase fall risk during braking or turns Correct answer.
  2. It improves tyre grip enough to compensate for longer braking distance
  3. It allows passengers to support each other during emergency braking
  4. It affects only ticket revenue and has no vehicle-safety effect

Explanation

Passenger capacity, mass limits, clear aisles, and usable exits are safety constraints. Overcrowding can worsen passenger falls and slow evacuation.

Question 28Bus Passengers

Before departing with a wheelchair user, what must be confirmed?

  1. The ramp is stowed, the wheelchair and passenger are secured as designed, and the area is clear Correct answer.
  2. The wheelchair brakes are released so it can align naturally during braking
  3. The ramp remains partly extended until the next accessible stop
  4. Other passengers stand around the wheelchair to hold it in place

Explanation

Accessible transport requires correct use of the vehicle's ramp and securement systems. Departure before stowage or securement can cause serious injury during acceleration, braking, or cornering.

Question 29Bus Passengers

During a long descent, the brake pedal feel changes and braking effectiveness drops. What danger is likely?

  1. Brake fade from overheating service brakes Correct answer.
  2. A normal ABS self-test caused by low speed
  3. A temporary reduction in vehicle mass as fuel is used
  4. A steering-alignment fault unrelated to braking heat

Explanation

Repeated or continuous service-brake use on descents can overheat brakes and reduce effectiveness. Speed should be controlled early with appropriate gear, retarder, and safe stopping if needed.

Question 30Bus Passengers

A low-air warning appears after an air-brake bus has departed. What is the safest response?

  1. Stop safely, secure the bus, and do not continue service until the defect is resolved Correct answer.
  2. Continue slowly because the parking brake will provide enough service braking
  3. Pump the brake pedal repeatedly to rebuild pressure while driving
  4. Drive at higher engine speed in traffic until the warning lamp clears

Explanation

Low air pressure is a critical brake-system warning. The driver must stop and secure the bus because service and spring-brake functions can become unsafe.

Question 31Bus Passengers

At a tight right turn with pedestrians, cyclists, and a kerb close to the bus, what is the main strategy?

  1. Creep only after repeated all-around checks, keeping the turn stoppable if someone enters the swept path Correct answer.
  2. Commit to the turn once the front bumper has passed the pedestrian crossing
  3. Watch the right mirror only, because the front and rear of the bus follow the same path
  4. Use the horn before turning so vulnerable road users must yield

Explanation

The danger area changes through the turn. Slow, stoppable movement with repeated mirror, camera, direct-view, and front-corner checks protects cyclists and pedestrians in blind spots and the swept path.

Question 32Bus Passengers

In an unavoidable emergency stop with standing passengers, what is still expected?

  1. Brake firmly enough to avoid the external danger while maintaining steering control as far as possible Correct answer.
  2. Avoid strong braking so standing passengers are not thrown forward, even if a collision follows
  3. Use only the retarder because service brakes are too abrupt for passengers
  4. Open the doors just before stopping so passengers can brace against the door frames

Explanation

Passenger injury risk matters, but collision avoidance remains critical. Good anticipation reduces the need for emergency stops; when unavoidable, braking should be decisive and controlled.

Question 33Speed Distance

Why should a bus driver leave more following distance than a car driver?

  1. The bus is heavier and needs room for smooth braking without injuring passengers Correct answer.
  2. The bus driver cannot see brake lights of vehicles ahead
  3. A longer gap gives the bus automatic priority at the next junction
  4. Following distance matters only when passengers are standing

Explanation

A heavy passenger vehicle needs more planning space. Extra distance allows progressive braking, protects standing passengers, and reduces rear-end collision risk.

Question 34Speed Distance

In fog or heavy rain, what should guide a bus driver's speed?

  1. The ability to stop safely within the visible clear distance Correct answer.
  2. The planned arrival time at the next timing point
  3. The speed of the fastest vehicle in the same lane
  4. The maximum design speed printed in the vehicle documents

Explanation

German traffic duties require speed to match visibility, weather, road, and traffic conditions. A bus must be driven slowly enough to stop safely within what the driver can see.

Question 35Speed Distance

Why can harsh braking be unsafe even when it avoids an outside collision?

  1. Standing or walking passengers inside the bus may fall and be injured Correct answer.
  2. It automatically resets the tachograph to a driving break
  3. It prevents the driver from using the horn at the same time
  4. It damages the destination sign before it affects passengers

Explanation

A bus driver manages risks outside and inside the vehicle. Adequate spacing and anticipation reduce the need for abrupt braking that can injure standing passengers.

Question 36Speed Distance

Why should a driver slow early when approaching a stop?

  1. It makes the stop predictable, protects standing passengers, and improves mirror scanning Correct answer.
  2. It lets following traffic use the bus stop area as an overtaking lane
  3. It is required only when the bus is more than three minutes early
  4. It allows the driver to open the doors before the bus is stationary

Explanation

Early deceleration gives passengers time to brace, tells following traffic what is happening, and lets the driver position accurately while watching cyclists and waiting passengers.

Question 37Speed Distance

Why is close following behind a truck especially risky for a bus on a high-speed road?

  1. The truck blocks forward view and leaves too little space for smooth stopping Correct answer.
  2. The bus's brake lights stop working when it follows another heavy vehicle
  3. The truck's slipstream legally transfers responsibility for braking to the truck driver
  4. The bus becomes exempt from lane-change mirror checks while following a truck

Explanation

A large vehicle ahead hides developing hazards and reduces reaction distance. A bus needs more sight distance and space so braking can remain controlled and passenger-safe.

Question 38Speed Distance

A fully loaded bus follows a car downhill on wet pavement. Which combination makes the situation especially dangerous?

  1. High mass, reduced grip, downhill acceleration, and passenger-injury risk from hard braking Correct answer.
  2. Lower rolling resistance, cooler brakes, and shorter stopping distance
  3. Improved tyre contact, better visibility, and a lower centre of gravity
  4. Reduced brake temperature because rain cools all brake components evenly

Explanation

Several risk factors combine: heavier mass, gravity, wet friction, and passenger stability. The driver should reduce speed and increase spacing well before the hazard becomes urgent.

Question 39Speed Distance

A bus is severely delayed. Which safety principle still controls the driving?

  1. Schedule pressure never justifies unsafe speed, close following, or risky gaps Correct answer.
  2. A delayed line bus may use the next amber signal as if it were green
  3. Passenger service rules allow shorter following distance until the route is on time
  4. A delayed bus may enter weight-restricted streets if no passengers object

Explanation

The driver's legal duties and passenger-safety responsibilities remain unchanged by delay. Timetable recovery cannot justify unsafe speed, poor spacing, or risky manoeuvres.

Question 40Priority Signs

At an intersection without traffic lights or priority signs, what is the basic German priority rule?

  1. Traffic from the right has priority Correct answer.
  2. The vehicle with the greater permitted mass has priority
  3. The vehicle on the visually wider road has priority
  4. Public transport has priority over all private traffic

Explanation

Where signs, signals, or special rules do not decide priority, the default German rule is right-before-left. Bus size or public-transport status does not create general intersection priority.

Question 41Priority Signs

When turning right in a bus across a cycle track, what should the driver do?

  1. Slow early, check mirrors and blind areas repeatedly, and yield to cyclists crossing the path Correct answer.
  2. Steer close to the kerb first so cyclists cannot pass the bus
  3. Rely on the right indicator to make cyclists stop before the junction
  4. Begin the turn as soon as the traffic light turns green, then check mirrors

Explanation

Right turns are high-risk for buses because cyclists may be in blind spots and the rear wheels cut inward. The driver must observe repeatedly and yield where cyclists cross the path.

Question 42Priority Signs

A traffic light changes to amber as a bus approaches. What should guide the decision?

  1. Stop if it can be done safely; continue only if stopping safely is no longer possible Correct answer.
  2. Continue if the bus is in line service and passengers expect punctual arrival
  3. Brake hard in every case, even if passengers are standing and a vehicle is close behind
  4. Sound the horn and proceed because amber gives buses warning priority

Explanation

Amber requires stopping before the junction unless that cannot be done safely. A bus driver must consider road grip, following traffic, stopping distance, and passenger stability.

Question 43Priority Signs

An emergency vehicle approaches with blue light and siren. What should a bus driver do?

  1. Create a clear path predictably without endangering passengers or other road users Correct answer.
  2. Stop immediately in the current lane even if that blocks the emergency vehicle
  3. Enter the nearest bus stop with doors open so passengers can leave quickly
  4. Continue to the next stop because line buses have scheduled priority

Explanation

Blue light with siren requires other traffic to give way. The bus driver's movement must be deliberate and safe, avoiding sudden passenger-endangering manoeuvres.

Question 44Priority Signs

At a zebra crossing, pedestrians clearly intend to cross. What is expected from a bus driver?

  1. Approach at a speed that allows stopping and let them cross Correct answer.
  2. Continue if the bus is already aligned with a bus lane
  3. Stop only when a pedestrian has already stepped into the bus lane
  4. Flash headlights to ask pedestrians to wait for the scheduled bus

Explanation

Pedestrian crossings require special caution. Because a bus is heavy and may carry standing passengers, the driver must reduce speed early enough to stop smoothly.

Question 45Priority Signs

What must a bus driver confirm before entering a level crossing in slow traffic?

  1. There is enough space beyond the tracks for the entire bus to clear the crossing Correct answer.
  2. The vehicle ahead has crossed at least the first rail
  3. The bus's rear axle is still before the warning sign
  4. Passengers are seated before the bus reaches the barrier

Explanation

A long bus must not be trapped on railway tracks by traffic ahead. The driver should wait before the crossing until the exit area is clear for the full vehicle length.

Question 46Priority Signs

What is the normal meaning of a solid lane line for a bus driver?

  1. Do not cross or straddle it unless a rule or permitted manoeuvre allows it Correct answer.
  2. Cross it only if the bus is too wide for the marked lane
  3. Use it as a guide line for the left wheels on narrow roads
  4. Ignore it when the bus is approaching a marked stop

Explanation

Solid lane markings impose stronger lane discipline than broken lines. With a wide bus, precise lane positioning and compliance are especially important near cyclists and oncoming traffic.

Question 47Priority Signs

A height-limit sign shows less clearance than the bus height. What is the correct action?

  1. Do not enter; choose or obtain a route with sufficient clearance Correct answer.
  2. Proceed in the centre of the lane at walking speed
  3. Lower the suspension and continue if passengers remain seated
  4. Ask passengers to move to the aisle to reduce roof height

Explanation

Height limits are route restrictions, not advisory comfort limits. The driver must know the bus height and avoid any bridge, tunnel, canopy, or structure with insufficient clearance.

Question 48Priority Signs

What changes when a priority-road route ends before the next intersection?

  1. The driver must reassess priority using the next signs, signals, or default rules Correct answer.
  2. The bus keeps priority until it turns off the road
  3. Priority continues for one more junction for vehicles over 7.5 tonnes
  4. Only vehicles entering from the right lose priority

Explanation

Priority is controlled by current signs, signals, and rules. Once a priority road ends, the driver must look for new controls or apply defaults such as right-before-left.

Question 49Priority Signs

Why should a bus not enter an intersection unless it can clear it?

  1. Its length can block cross traffic, pedestrians, cyclists, tram tracks, or emergency access Correct answer.
  2. Its front axle must always stop beyond the intersection before the rear axle enters
  3. It becomes invisible to traffic lights once the rear doors pass the stop line
  4. It loses priority if its rear wheels remain before the intersection

Explanation

A long bus can obstruct several traffic streams if traffic stops ahead. The driver should wait before entering until the exit is clear for the full vehicle.

Question 50Environment Emergencies

A bus breaks down where following traffic may not see it in time. What is the first securing action?

  1. Switch on hazard warning lights and place warning equipment at a sufficient distance Correct answer.
  2. Keep all exterior lights off so the battery is preserved for the doors
  3. Ask passengers to stand behind the bus and wave traffic around it
  4. Leave the bus in the lane and walk to the next stop before warning traffic

Explanation

StVO section 15 requires immediate hazard warning lights when a multi-track vehicle breaks down where it is not recognized in time, followed by warning equipment at adequate distance.