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Hesse Abitur Ethics GK practice questions

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Question 1Knowledge,reality andargument

What is 'Rationalismus' (rationalism), an epistemological position associated with René Descartes?

  1. The view that reason, rather than sensory experience, is the primary source of genuine knowledge Correct answer.
  2. The view that sensory experience alone, with no role for reason, is the primary source of knowledge
  3. A term unrelated to epistemology
  4. A view claiming that no genuine knowledge is possible under any circumstances

Explanation

Rationalism holds that reason, rather than sensory experience, is the primary source of genuine knowledge - significantly associated with René Descartes, who emphasized innate ideas and deductive reasoning as reliable paths to certain truth.

Question 2Knowledge,reality andargument

What is 'Empirismus' (empiricism), an epistemological position associated with John Locke and David Hume?

  1. The view that sensory experience is the primary source of genuine knowledge Correct answer.
  2. The view that reason alone, with no role for sensory experience, is the primary source of knowledge
  3. A term unrelated to epistemology
  4. A view claiming humans are born with fully formed innate knowledge of all things

Explanation

Empiricism holds that sensory experience is the primary source of genuine knowledge - significantly associated with John Locke and David Hume, who argued against innate ideas in favor of knowledge derived from observation and experience.

Question 3Knowledge,reality andargument

What is 'methodischer Zweifel' (methodological doubt), a technique employed by Descartes in his 'Meditations'?

  1. A systematic process of doubting all beliefs that could conceivably be false, in order to find a foundation of absolutely certain knowledge Correct answer.
  2. A permanent state of doubting everything with no possibility of ever reaching any certain conclusion
  3. A term unrelated to epistemology
  4. A technique requiring belief in every possible claim without any critical examination whatsoever

Explanation

Methodological doubt is a systematic process, employed by Descartes, of doubting all beliefs that could conceivably be false (even those seeming obviously true) in order to find a foundation of absolutely certain, indubitable knowledge upon which to rebuild reliable knowledge - culminating in his famous 'cogito ergo sum'.

Question 4Knowledge,reality andargument

What is 'cogito ergo sum' ('I think, therefore I am'), Descartes's foundational certain truth discovered through methodological doubt?

  1. The realization that the very act of doubting/thinking proves the existence of a thinking self, providing an indubitable foundation for knowledge Correct answer.
  2. A claim that thinking has no connection whatsoever to proving one's own existence
  3. A term unrelated to epistemology
  4. A conclusion Descartes rejected as false and unreliable

Explanation

'Cogito ergo sum' is Descartes's realization that the very act of doubting or thinking necessarily proves the existence of a thinking self (since doubt/thought cannot occur without a doubter/thinker existing), providing an indubitable foundation upon which he sought to rebuild certain knowledge.

Question 5Knowledge,reality andargument

What is 'Tabula Rasa' ('blank slate'), a concept associated with John Locke's empiricist theory of mind?

  1. The idea that the human mind begins entirely empty at birth, with all knowledge subsequently acquired through sensory experience Correct answer.
  2. The idea that the human mind is born fully filled with complete, innate knowledge requiring no further experience
  3. A term unrelated to epistemology
  4. A concept describing only a specific type of ancient writing material, with no philosophical meaning

Explanation

'Tabula Rasa' (blank slate) is Locke's concept that the human mind begins entirely empty at birth, with all knowledge and ideas subsequently acquired through sensory experience - a foundational metaphor for empiricist epistemology, opposing rationalist claims of innate ideas.

Question 6Human beings,freedom andsociety

What is 'Leib-Seele-Problem' (mind-body problem), a foundational question in philosophy of mind?

  1. The question of how the mind (mental, subjective experience) relates to the physical body/brain (material substance) Correct answer.
  2. A question concerning only the physical anatomy of the human body, with no connection to mental experience
  3. A term unrelated to philosophy of mind
  4. A problem that has been definitively and universally solved with complete philosophical consensus

Explanation

The mind-body problem asks how the mind (mental states, subjective experience, consciousness) relates to the physical body/brain (material substance) - a foundational question in philosophy of mind, significantly shaped by Descartes's dualist position.

Question 7Human beings,freedom andsociety

What is 'Substanzdualismus' (substance dualism), Descartes's position on the mind-body relationship?

  1. The view that mind and body are two fundamentally distinct types of substance - mind being non-physical/thinking substance, body being physical/extended substance Correct answer.
  2. The view that mind and body are actually identical, made of exactly the same physical substance with no distinction
  3. A term unrelated to philosophy of mind
  4. A view that denies the existence of the physical body entirely

Explanation

Substance dualism, associated with Descartes, holds that mind and body are two fundamentally distinct types of substance - the mind being non-physical, thinking substance ('res cogitans'), and the body being physical, extended substance ('res extensa') - raising the significant challenge of explaining how these two distinct substances interact.

Question 8Human beings,freedom andsociety

What is 'Materialismus' (materialism/physicalism), a position on the mind-body problem contrasting with dualism?

  1. The view that only physical matter exists, and mental states are ultimately identical to or fully explainable by physical brain processes Correct answer.
  2. The view that only mental/non-physical substance exists, with no physical reality whatsoever
  3. A term unrelated to philosophy of mind
  4. A view identical in every respect to substance dualism, with no distinguishing features

Explanation

Materialism (physicalism) holds that only physical matter exists, and mental states are ultimately identical to or fully explainable by physical brain processes - a monist position (positing only one fundamental substance type) contrasting directly with Cartesian dualism's two-substance view.

Question 9Human beings,freedom andsociety

What is 'Qualia' (qualia), a significant concept in philosophy of mind referring to the subjective, felt quality of conscious experience?

  1. The subjective, first-person, felt qualities of conscious experience, such as the specific way redness or pain feels to the experiencing subject Correct answer.
  2. A term describing only objective, third-person, measurable physical brain states, with no subjective dimension
  3. A term unrelated to philosophy of mind
  4. A concept that applies exclusively to visual experience, never to other senses like touch or smell

Explanation

Qualia are the subjective, first-person, felt qualities of conscious experience - such as the specific way redness or pain feels to the experiencing subject - raising significant philosophical challenges about whether such subjective experience can be fully explained by objective physical/scientific description alone.

Question 10Human beings,freedom andsociety

What is 'personale Identität' (personal identity), a significant question in philosophical anthropology asking what makes a person the 'same' person over time?

  1. The philosophical question of what criteria determine that a person remains the same individual despite physical and psychological changes over time Correct answer.
  2. A question concerning only a person's legal documentation (passport, ID card), with no deeper philosophical content
  3. A term unrelated to philosophy of mind or anthropology
  4. A question that has never been discussed or debated by any philosopher throughout history

Explanation

Personal identity asks what criteria determine that a person remains the 'same' individual despite significant physical and psychological changes over time (aging, changing beliefs, memory changes) - a significant philosophical anthropology question, with theories including bodily continuity, psychological/memory continuity (Locke), and others.

Question 11Moral theories andjustification

What is 'Deontologie' (deontological ethics), the ethical framework most associated with Immanuel Kant?

  1. An ethical theory judging the morality of an action based on whether it conforms to a moral duty or rule, regardless of its consequences Correct answer.
  2. An ethical theory judging actions solely by their outcomes or consequences
  3. A term unrelated to ethical theory
  4. An ethical theory that denies any moral duties exist whatsoever

Explanation

Deontological ethics judges the morality of an action based on whether it conforms to a moral duty or rule, regardless of its consequences - most prominently associated with Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative.

Question 12Moral theories andjustification

What is Kant's 'kategorischer Imperativ' (categorical imperative), in its most well-known formulation?

  1. Act only according to that maxim by which you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law Correct answer.
  2. Act only in ways that maximize your own personal happiness, regardless of the effect on others
  3. A term unrelated to ethical theory
  4. Act only according to rules explicitly established by existing civil law

Explanation

Kant's categorical imperative, in its universal law formulation, states: 'Act only according to that maxim by which you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law' - a test for the moral permissibility of an action based on whether its underlying principle could be consistently universalized.

Question 13Moral theories andjustification

What is the 'Selbstzweckformel' (humanity/end-in-itself formula), Kant's second major formulation of the categorical imperative?

  1. Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in another, always as an end and never merely as a means Correct answer.
  2. Act so that you treat other people purely as tools to achieve your own personal goals
  3. A term unrelated to Kantian ethics
  4. Act so that only your own personal wellbeing matters, with others treated as irrelevant

Explanation

Kant's humanity formula states: 'Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in another, always as an end and never merely as a means' - emphasizing the inherent dignity and worth of persons, who should not be merely instrumentalized for others' purposes.

Question 14Moral theories andjustification

What is 'Utilitarismus' (utilitarianism), the ethical framework associated with Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill?

  1. A consequentialist ethical theory holding that the right action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or wellbeing for the greatest number of people Correct answer.
  2. A theory holding that only the actor's own personal happiness matters, with no regard for others
  3. A term unrelated to ethical theory
  4. A theory that judges actions solely by their conformity to fixed moral duties, regardless of outcome

Explanation

Utilitarianism is a consequentialist ethical theory holding that the right action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or wellbeing for the greatest number of people ('the greatest happiness principle'), associated with Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.

Question 15Moral theories andjustification

What distinguishes 'Handlungsutilitarismus' (act utilitarianism) from 'Regelutilitarismus' (rule utilitarianism)?

  1. Act utilitarianism evaluates each individual action by its specific consequences; rule utilitarianism evaluates actions by whether they conform to a rule that would generally maximize good consequences if followed Correct answer.
  2. Act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism are identical, with no meaningful distinction between them
  3. A term unrelated to utilitarian ethical theory
  4. Rule utilitarianism rejects considering consequences entirely, focusing only on rigid duties

Explanation

Act utilitarianism evaluates each individual action by its specific consequences in that particular situation; rule utilitarianism evaluates actions by whether they conform to a general rule that would tend to maximize good consequences if consistently followed - a significant internal distinction within utilitarian theory.

Question 16Applied ethics andresponsibility

What is 'Schwangerschaftsabbruch' (abortion) as an applied ethics topic, and a key point of philosophical contention?

  1. The moral status and rights of the fetus versus the autonomy and rights of the pregnant person, a central and contested question in applied ethics debate Correct answer.
  2. A topic with no meaningful ethical dimension or philosophical debate whatsoever
  3. A term unrelated to applied ethics
  4. A topic on which all ethical theories reach an identical, unanimous conclusion

Explanation

Abortion as an applied ethics topic centers on the contested question of the moral status and rights of the fetus (personhood, moral consideration) versus the autonomy and rights of the pregnant person - a central, actively debated question drawing on multiple ethical frameworks (deontology, consequentialism, virtue ethics).

Question 17Applied ethics andresponsibility

What is the distinction between 'aktive' (active) and 'passive Sterbehilfe' (passive euthanasia)?

  1. Active euthanasia involves deliberately taking action to end a life; passive euthanasia involves withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment, allowing death to occur Correct answer.
  2. Active and passive euthanasia refer to exactly the same practice, with no meaningful ethical or legal distinction
  3. A term unrelated to bioethics
  4. Passive euthanasia refers exclusively to euthanizing animals, never humans

Explanation

Active euthanasia involves deliberately taking action (e.g., administering a lethal substance) to end a life; passive euthanasia involves withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment, allowing death to occur naturally - a distinction with significant ethical and legal implications in different jurisdictions.

Question 18Applied ethics andresponsibility

What is a key ethical concern raised regarding 'Gentechnik' (genetic engineering) technologies like CRISPR gene editing?

  1. Concerns about unintended consequences, equitable access, and the ethical limits of altering human genetic makeup, including questions of consent for future generations Correct answer.
  2. A concern that genetic engineering technology does not actually exist and is purely science fiction
  3. A term unrelated to bioethics
  4. A universal agreement among all ethicists that genetic engineering has no ethical concerns whatsoever

Explanation

Key ethical concerns regarding genetic engineering (like CRISPR) include unintended consequences, equitable access to the technology, and the ethical limits of altering human genetic makeup - including consent questions for future generations who cannot consent to inherited genetic changes.

Question 19Applied ethics andresponsibility

What is the ethical debate between 'Widerspruchslösung' (opt-out) and 'Zustimmungslösung' (opt-in) systems for organ donation?

  1. Opt-out systems presume consent to donation unless a person explicitly registers refusal; opt-in systems require explicit registered consent before donation is permitted Correct answer.
  2. Opt-out and opt-in systems are functionally and ethically identical, with no meaningful difference
  3. A term unrelated to bioethics
  4. Opt-out systems make organ donation illegal under all circumstances

Explanation

Opt-out (Widerspruchslösung) systems presume consent to organ donation unless a person explicitly registers their refusal; opt-in (Zustimmungslösung) systems require explicit, registered consent before donation is permitted - a significant policy and ethical debate concerning autonomy, presumed consent, and organ shortage.

Question 20Applied ethics andresponsibility

What is 'Speziesismus' (speciesism), a concept introduced by philosopher Peter Singer relevant to animal ethics?

  1. The unjustified assignment of different moral status or consideration to beings based solely on their species membership Correct answer.
  2. A term describing the scientific classification of different animal species, with no ethical content
  3. A term unrelated to applied ethics
  4. A concept that applies exclusively to plants, never to animals

Explanation

Speciesism, a term popularized by philosopher Peter Singer, describes the unjustified assignment of different moral status or consideration to beings based solely on their species membership - analogous to other forms of unjustified discrimination like racism or sexism, according to Singer's critique.

Question 21Moral theories andjustification

Kantian ethics is typically classified as which type of normative theory?

  1. Deontologische Ethik (duty-based) Correct answer.
  2. Pure hedonistic utilitarianism
  3. Ethical egoism only
  4. Aesthetic taste theory only

Explanation

LA26 Q2.1 presents Kant as Repräsentant einer deontologischen Ethik: rightness follows from duty and the form of the maxim, not from consequential utility alone.

Question 22Moral theories andjustification

In Kant, the central contrast Pflicht vs. Neigung means roughly ...

  1. duty versus inclination/desire Correct answer.
  2. pleasure versus pain in Bentham's calculus
  3. guilt versus punishment in criminal law
  4. nature versus nurture in biology

Explanation

Q2.1 names Pflicht und Neigung as zentrale Gegensatzbegriffe: moral worth attaches to acting from duty, not merely from inclination.

Question 23Moral theories andjustification

Bentham's hedonistisches Kalkül primarily tries to ...

  1. measure and compare pleasures and pains to guide utility judgments Correct answer.
  2. prove that duty never considers consequences
  3. derive human rights from natural law alone
  4. abolish all punishment theories

Explanation

Q2.2 lists the hedonistisches Kalkül among Grundprinzipien: intensities, durations, and extents of pleasure/pain enter the utilitarian calculation.

Question 24Moral theories andjustification

Mill's utilitarianism is often distinguished from Bentham by emphasizing ...

  1. qualitative differences among pleasures (higher/lower), not only quantity Correct answer.
  2. that consequences never matter
  3. that only the king's pleasure counts
  4. that dignity has a market price

Explanation

Q2.2 names Bentham and Mill: Mill famously argues some pleasures are higher in kind, refining crude quantitative hedonism.

Question 25Moral theories andjustification

Kant's Selbstzweckformel of the Kategorischer Imperativ requires that you ...

  1. treat humanity in yourself and others always as an end, never merely as a means Correct answer.
  2. maximize net pleasure regardless of persons
  3. obey whichever emotion is strongest
  4. follow custom without reason

Explanation

Q2.1: Kategorischer Imperativ - Grundformel und Selbstzweckformel in der Anwendung. Persons as ends block pure instrumentalization.

Question 26Moral theories andjustification

Kant's Grundformel of the Kategorischer Imperativ tests a maxim primarily by asking whether ...

  1. it can be willed as a universal law without contradiction Correct answer.
  2. it maximizes my private wealth
  3. it matches my strongest feeling today
  4. it is popular on social media

Explanation

The universal-law formula asks whether the maxim's universalization is conceivable/willable without practical contradiction - core Q2.1 application skill.

Question 27Moral theories andjustification

A shopkeeper who gives correct change only to protect reputation acts, on a strict Kantian reading, ...

  1. im Pflichtgemäße Weise possibly, but not from duty (nicht aus Pflicht) if motive is mere prudence Correct answer.
  2. with full moral worth because results are good
  3. immorally because giving change is forbidden
  4. as a utilitarian calculating aggregate welfare

Explanation

Kant distinguishes acting in conformity with duty from acting from duty. Reputation-seeking lacks the moral worth of Pflichtmotivation even if the outward act matches duty.

Question 28Moral theories andjustification

Applying the Selbstzweckformel to a lying promise typically condemns it because the deceived party is ...

  1. used merely as a means to the speaker's end, without being able to share the end Correct answer.
  2. made happier on average
  3. treated as an end by being manipulated
  4. rewarded with higher pleasures

Explanation

A false promise instrumentalizes the other's rational agency; they cannot consent to the end as co-legislator. This is standard Selbstzweckformel application.

Question 29Moral theories andjustification

A classic objection to act utilitarianism in Ethik Klausuren is that it may ...

  1. justify sacrificing an innocent person if aggregate utility rises Correct answer.
  2. never consider consequences
  3. forbid all talk of happiness
  4. identical to Kant's Selbstzweckformel

Explanation

Sacrificing persons for net utility clashes with dignity/Kantian constraints - a standard comparative Aufgabenstellung between Q2.1 and Q2.2.

Question 30Moral theories andjustification

Mill's harm principle is often used in Ethik to argue that ...

  1. society may limit liberty to prevent harm to others, not merely to enforce private morals Correct answer.
  2. any majority taste may ban any lifestyle
  3. consequences never matter
  4. dignity has a price

Explanation

Though Q2.2 highlights Bentham/Mill utility principles, Mill's On Liberty harm principle frequently enters applied Ethik on rights/coercion - useful transfer in erweiterte tasks.

Question 31Moral theories andjustification

A maxim 'I will make false promises when in need' fails Kant's Grundformel because universalization would ...

  1. destroy the practice of promising itself, yielding a contradiction in conception Correct answer.
  2. increase aggregate utility necessarily
  3. satisfy Selbstzweckformel automatically
  4. prove Rechtspositivismus

Explanation

Classic contradiction in conception: if everyone falsely promised, the institution of promising collapses, so the maxim cannot be universal law.

Question 32Moral theories andjustification

Some Kant scholars distinguish contradiction in conception from contradiction in the will; the latter appears when ...

  1. a maxim can be conceived as universal but cannot be rationally willed because it undercuts necessary ends of finite agents Correct answer.
  2. utility falls by one unit
  3. a statute is old
  4. a cartoon is funny

Explanation

Imperfect duties (e.g., refusing all aid) are often taught via contradiction in the will: universal non-aid is conceivable but not willable given dependence and necessary ends.

Question 33Moral theories andjustification

Rule utilitarianism tries to escape act-utilitarian injustice objections by ...

  1. evaluating rules by long-run utility, then judging acts by justified rules Correct answer.
  2. ignoring all consequences forever
  3. adopting Kant's Selbstzweckformel unchanged
  4. denying interpersonal comparisons always

Explanation

Rule utilitarianism is a standard school refinement in Q2.2 discussions: rules protecting rights may have higher acceptance utility than case-by-case sacrifice.

Question 34Moral theories andjustification

Applying Selbstzweckformel to state punishment raises the hard question whether ...

  1. hard treatment uses the offender merely as a means to deterrence/social aims, and how desert might still respect personhood Correct answer.
  2. punishment never involves persons
  3. Kant bans all public law
  4. Notenpunkte replace Strafgesetzbücher

Explanation

Advanced Q2.1×Q3.3 link: deterrence-focused punishment risks Instrumentalisierung; retributivists claim desert respects the offender as a responsible end.

Question 35Moral theories andjustification

Mill's qualitative hedonism still faces the 'who ranks pleasures?' objection because ...

  1. competent judges' rankings may smuggle elitist standards into supposedly impartial utility Correct answer.
  2. pleasures cannot differ
  3. Bentham forbade all measurement talk
  4. Kant solved interpersonal utility

Explanation

Hard Q2.2 critique: Mill's higher/lower pleasures invite disputes about authority and bias - useful when evaluating utilitarianism's claim to neutrality.

Question 36Applied ethics andresponsibility

Hans Jonas's Verantwortungsethik is especially associated with which motto-level idea?

  1. Prinzip Verantwortung - responsibility toward the future of humankind and nature Correct answer.
  2. Maximize average utility only in the present generation
  3. Act only on inclination
  4. Ignore technology's long-term effects

Explanation

Q1.5/Q2.5 place Jonas at the center of Zukunftsethik: the new magnitude of technological power demands a corresponding Verantwortung for future life.

Question 37Applied ethics andresponsibility

In Weber/Jonas classroom contrasts, Gesinnungsethik emphasizes ...

  1. purity of intention/conviction, often contrasted with responsibility for foreseeable outcomes Correct answer.
  2. only maximizing GDP
  3. only genetic enhancement
  4. only aesthetic beauty

Explanation

Q2.5 asks for Unterscheidung: Verantwortungs- und Gesinnungsethik - Gesinnung focuses on inner conviction; Verantwortung weighs consequences one must answer for.

Question 38Applied ethics andresponsibility

Jonas's Heuristik der Furcht recommends that in assessing new technologies one should ...

  1. give special weight to worst plausible long-term harms when knowledge is uncertain Correct answer.
  2. always ignore risk
  3. approve every innovation automatically
  4. judge only by present stock prices

Explanation

Under uncertainty about irreversible tech effects, Jonas advises prioritizing fear of catastrophe - a conservative bias for Zukunftsverantwortung.

Question 39Applied ethics andresponsibility

Jonas argues that modern technology changes ethics because ...

  1. the scale and irreversibility of effects extend responsibility to distant future beings and nature Correct answer.
  2. ethics becomes unnecessary
  3. only ancient city-states matter
  4. duty shrinks to etiquette

Explanation

Traditional ethics assumed limited local effects; nuclear/biotech/climate-scale power creates a new Verantwortungsdimension - core Q2.5/Q1.5 link.

Question 40Applied ethics andresponsibility

In Sterbehilfe debates, distinguishing aktive Sterbehilfe, passive Sterbehilfe, and assistierter Suizid matters because ...

  1. legal and moral evaluations often track different forms of causing/allowing death and assistance Correct answer.
  2. all three are legally identical everywhere always
  3. Kant forbids defining terms
  4. utilitarians never discuss death

Explanation

Q1.2 Lebensende tasks expect conceptual precision before applying Kant, utilitarianism, or dignity arguments to cases.

Question 41Applied ethics andresponsibility

An anthropocentric Umweltethik holds that nature's moral status derives mainly from ...

  1. human interests, rights, or well-being Correct answer.
  2. intrinsic rights of every insect equal to persons in all theories
  3. the impossibility of science
  4. the abolition of responsibility

Explanation

Q1.5 Positionen der Umweltethik include anthropocentric vs. physio-/biocentrische approaches - know the axis before evaluating cases.

Question 42Applied ethics andresponsibility

A biocentric or physiocentric critique of pure anthropocentrism claims that ...

  1. living beings or nature may have moral considerability beyond human use-value Correct answer.
  2. only humans ever matter in every possible ethics
  3. climate science is fake by definition
  4. Jonas rejects all future concern

Explanation

School Umweltethik contrasts instrumental views of nature with positions granting wider moral standing - then tests application to climate/biodiversity cases.

Question 43Applied ethics andresponsibility

Gentechnik debates in Ethik often turn on therapy vs. enhancement because ...

  1. curing disease and expanding capacities raise different risk, fairness, and dignity questions Correct answer.
  2. the distinction is meaningless in every theory
  3. only enhancement is ever discussed in LA26
  4. Kant bans all medicine

Explanation

Q1.2 Gentechnik tasks expect nuanced application: therapeutic aims may look different under utility/dignity tests than competitive enhancement.

Question 44Applied ethics andresponsibility

Connecting Verantwortungsethik to Medizinethik at life's end, Jonas-inspired caution would stress ...

  1. irreversibility and the limits of technological life-prolongation without a responsible horizon of meaning/care Correct answer.
  2. maximizing machine runtime only
  3. ignoring patient vulnerability
  4. treating prognosis as irrelevant

Explanation

Jonas's responsibility frame travels from Umwelt to Medizin: power to prolong life demands accountable judgment about ends, not mere technical possibility.

Question 45Applied ethics andresponsibility

A utilitarian defense of limited life-prolongation withdrawal might claim ...

  1. continued treatment produces net suffering without proportionate benefit Correct answer.
  2. persons may always be used as means
  3. dignity is a price
  4. future generations never matter

Explanation

Q1.2 + Q2.2: utility can support limiting futile prolongation when burdens dominate benefits - still contested by dignity/sanctity arguments.

Question 46Applied ethics andresponsibility

Zukunftsverantwortung in Umweltethik implies duties regarding beings who ...

  1. do not yet exist but will inherit ecological conditions we shape Correct answer.
  2. exist only as exam myths
  3. cannot be affected by climate
  4. vote already in every election

Explanation

Jonas: responsibility extends to future persons/nature affected by present tech-economic choices - central Q1.5 claim.

Question 47Applied ethics andresponsibility

Jonas's imperative of responsibility is often paraphrased as acting so that effects are compatible with ...

  1. the permanence of genuine human life on earth (and the conditions of that life) Correct answer.
  2. maximizing present entertainment only
  3. abolishing all science
  4. treating future persons as non-entities

Explanation

Prinzip Verantwortung yields a new imperative oriented to long-term human continuance under ecological constraints - distinct from Kant's formal universalization though sometimes compared in Unterricht.

Question 48Applied ethics andresponsibility

Weber's Gesinnungsethik vs. Verantwortungsethik (as received in Ethik teaching) becomes sharp in politics when ...

  1. conviction-driven purity collides with accountability for foreseeable collateral consequences of power Correct answer.
  2. only private diary writing is at stake
  3. grammar cases are declined
  4. Notenpunkte are calculated

Explanation

Q2.5 Unterscheidung: political action with coercive means forces the Verantwortung question beyond good intentions - Jonas radicalizes this for tech/future.

Question 49Applied ethics andresponsibility

A hard dignity case: using anonymized patient data for AI research without consent - Kantian vs. utilitarian tension is best framed as ...

  1. means-use/autonomy violation vs. expected aggregate health benefits under privacy risks Correct answer.
  2. a Latin scansion problem
  3. proof that GG Art. 1 is empty
  4. identity of Kant and Bentham

Explanation

Q1.2/Q3.2 transfer: informational self-determination and Zweck an sich clash with utility of big-data medicine - strong erweiterte Textaufgabe material.

Question 50Applied ethics andresponsibility

Climate 'sacrifice of the present poor for future ecology' pits Jonas against crude utilitarianism and also against ...

  1. justice claims that burdens must not fall disproportionately on the least advantaged (Rawlsian echo) Correct answer.
  2. the idea that spelling dictionaries exist
  3. Latin meter rules
  4. IQB MCQ keys

Explanation

Hard synthesis across Q1.5, Q2.5, Q3.1: Zukunftsverantwortung must be joined to Gerechtigkeitsfragen about who pays - LA26-style Vernetzung.