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Hesse Abitur History Bilingual EN GK study materials
Hesse Abitur History Bilingual EN GK study resources

Hesse Abitur History Bilingual EN GK practice questions

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Question 1Historical evidence, chronology and justified interpretation

In der Quellenanalyse zur Französischen Revolution untersuchst du ein Dekret der Nationalversammlung von 1789. Welches Merkmal kennzeichnet einen solchen normativen Text (texte normatif) im Unterschied zu einer erzählenden Quelle?

  1. Er formuliert verbindliche Regeln und verwendet häufig performative Formeln wie „décrète“ oder „ordonne“. Correct answer.
  2. Er schildert persönliche Empfindungen des Verfassers und ist daher subjektiv gefärbt.
  3. Er beschreibt Ereignisse chronologisch aus der Perspektive eines Augenzeugen.
  4. Er liefert statistische Reihen, die quantitative Vergleiche ermöglichen.

Explanation

Normative Quellen wie Dekrete oder Gesetze legen verbindliche Regeln fest. Performative Formeln signalisieren, dass der Text selbst eine Rechtswirkung erzeugt, statt bloß zu berichten. Deshalb prüft man bei ihnen vor allem Adressat, Reichweite und Rechtskraft.

Question 2Nazi dictatorship, war, persecution and the Holocaust

Welches Ereignis markiert in der deutschen Geschichte den Übergang von der Weimarer Republik zur nationalsozialistischen Diktatur im Jahr 1933?

  1. Das Ermächtigungsgesetz vom 24. März 1933
  2. Der Reichstagsbrand am 27. Februar 1933
  3. Die Ernennung Adolf Hitlers zum Reichskanzler am 30. Januar 1933 Correct answer.
  4. Die Reichstagswahl vom 5. März 1933

Explanation

Die Ernennung Hitlers zum Reichskanzler durch Reichspräsident Hindenburg am 30. Januar 1933 gilt als Beginn der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft. Die übrigen Ereignisse folgten später und bauten die Diktatur weiter aus.

Question 3Revolutions, industrialization and nineteenth-century German society

Was kennzeichnete das Ancien Régime als Gesellschaftsordnung, die von den Revolutionären von 1789 infrage gestellt wurde?

  1. Ein zentralistischer Nationalstaat mit allgemeinem Wahlrecht für Männer
  2. Eine ständische Ordnung mit rechtlich privilegierten Klerikern und Adeligen sowie unterschiedlicher Steuerpflicht Correct answer.
  3. Eine föderale Republik mit weitgehender Selbstverwaltung der Provinzen
  4. Eine Klassengesellschaft, in der allein das Bürgertum politische Rechte besaß

Explanation

Das Ancien Régime beruhte auf der Dreiständegesellschaft mit rechtlichen Privilegien von Klerus und Adel, die unter anderem von der direkten Steuer befreit waren. Genau diese Ungleichheit vor dem Gesetz wurde 1789 zum Kern der revolutionären Kritik.

Question 4Imperial rivalry, World War I and the interwar order

Welches Ereignis gilt als unmittelbarer Auslöser des Ersten Weltkriegs im Juli 1914?

  1. Der Abschluss des Versailler Vertrags
  2. Die Ermordung des österreichischen Thronfolgers Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo Correct answer.
  3. Der Ausbruch der Russischen Revolution
  4. Der Rücktritt Bismarcks als Reichskanzler

Explanation

Am 28. Juni 1914 wurden Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand und seine Frau in Sarajevo von Gavrilo Princip erschossen. Österreich-Ungarn nutzte dies für ein Ultimatum an Serbien, woraus über die Bündnissysteme der Weltkrieg entstand. Die anderen genannten Ereignisse liegen zeitlich davor oder danach und sind keine Kriegsauslöser.

Question 5Weimar democracy, postwar reckoning and public memory

What event conventionally opens the political transition associated with the Novemberrevolution 1918 in Germany?

  1. The founding of the Bundesrepublik in 1949
  2. The building of the Berliner Mauer in 1961
  3. Sailors’ mutiny at Kiel and the cascading Räte/Arbeiter- und Soldatenräte movement culminating in Kaiser Wilhelm II’s abdication Correct answer.
  4. The Maastricht Treaty in 1992

Explanation

The Novemberrevolution began with the Kiel Matrosenaufstand (late Oct/early Nov 1918), spread via Arbeiter- und Soldatenräte, and led to the Kaiser’s abdication and proclamation of a republic.

Question 6Russia1917 and the development of Stalinist dictatorship

Which 2026 verbindliches Wahlmodul belongs to Rahmenthema 1 (Krisen, Umbrüche und Revolutionen) in Niedersachsen Geschichte?

  1. Wahlmodul 7: Die russischen Revolutionen Correct answer.
  2. Wahlmodul 9: China und die imperialistischen Mächte
  3. Wahlmodul 4: Der Erste Weltkrieg
  4. Wahlmodul 1: Mythen

Explanation

The official 2026 Hinweise assign Wahlmodul 7 'Die russischen Revolutionen' to the 1. Schulhalbjahr / Rahmenthema 1.

Question 7German division, Cold War, détente and European integration

The Marshall Plan, launched in 1947, is best described as which instrument of early Cold War policy?

  1. A nuclear disarmament framework
  2. A military alliance for collective defence
  3. A colonial independence charter
  4. An economic aid programme for European reconstruction Correct answer.

Explanation

The Marshall Plan channelled American financial aid into Western European reconstruction after 1947. Its economic purpose was paired with the political aim of stabilising states against communist influence.

Question 8Russia1917 and the development of Stalinist dictatorship

What best characterizes 'Doppelherrschaft' (dual power) after the February Revolution of 1917?

  1. Parallel authority of the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet Correct answer.
  2. Sole rule by the Tsar's State Council
  3. A military dictatorship of Kornilov alone
  4. Immediate one-party Bolshevik control of all Russia

Explanation

After February 1917, the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet shared overlapping authority - Doppelherrschaft - until the Bolsheviks dismantled it in October.

Question 9Russia1917 and the development of Stalinist dictatorship

Which event most directly forced Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate in March 1917?

  1. Mass strikes, military mutiny, and elite defection during the February Revolution in Petrograd Correct answer.
  2. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany
  3. Stalin's collectivization campaign
  4. The Kronstadt sailors' revolt of 1921

Explanation

The February Revolution's urban unrest, garrison mutiny, and loss of elite support made Nicholas II's position untenable, leading to abdication.

Question 10Russia1917 and the development of Stalinist dictatorship

Which demand slogan is most closely associated with Bolshevik mass appeal in 1917?

  1. Peace, Land, and Bread (Frieden, Land und Brot) Correct answer.
  2. Enrich yourselves through private farming forever
  3. Restore the Romanov dynasty immediately
  4. Join the Entente for total war victory

Explanation

Lenin's April Theses and Bolshevik agitation centered on peace, land redistribution, and food - meeting wartime social grievances.

Question 11Russia1917 and the development of Stalinist dictatorship

What was the Provisional Government's most politically damaging stance on World War I?

  1. Continuing the war effort despite widespread war-weariness Correct answer.
  2. Immediately signing a separate peace with Germany in March 1917
  3. Abolishing all armies overnight
  4. Joining the Central Powers as a full ally

Explanation

The Provisional Government's decision to continue the war alienated soldiers and workers and strengthened Bolshevik peace propaganda.

Question 12Russia1917 and the development of Stalinist dictatorship

Lenin's April Theses most importantly called for which strategic shift?

  1. Transfer of power to the soviets and rejection of support for the Provisional Government Correct answer.
  2. A permanent coalition with Kadets and Octobrists
  3. Immediate restoration of the Duma monarchy
  4. Abandoning Marxism for liberal constitutionalism

Explanation

Lenin argued that the bourgeois Provisional Government should not be supported and that soviets should take power - a break with many moderate socialists.

Question 13Russia1917 and the development of Stalinist dictatorship

Why did the July Days (1917) fail to produce a lasting Bolshevik takeover?

  1. Premature street action lacked coordinated seizure of state power and provoked a temporary backlash Correct answer.
  2. Germany immediately occupied Petrograd and dissolved all parties
  3. The Tsar returned and restored absolute rule
  4. The soviets had already been abolished before July

Explanation

July demonstrations were suppressed; Bolsheviks were temporarily repressed and Lenin went into hiding - showing that mass protest alone was insufficient without organized power seizure.

Question 14Russia1917 and the development of Stalinist dictatorship

What was the Kornilov Affair's main political effect in autumn 1917?

  1. It discredited Kerensky and revitalized Bolshevik credibility as defenders of the revolution Correct answer.
  2. It permanently restored Tsarist rule
  3. It ended all soviet institutions forever
  4. It made Russia a German protectorate overnight

Explanation

Kornilov's attempted right-wing putsch forced Kerensky to arm left forces; Bolsheviks regained influence as anti-counterrevolutionary defenders.

Question 15Russia1917 and the development of Stalinist dictatorship

The Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC) was crucial in October 1917 primarily because it:

  1. Organized the coordinated seizure of key Petrograd points under soviet cover Correct answer.
  2. Negotiated the Treaty of Versailles
  3. Created the first Five-Year Plan
  4. Elected Nicholas II as constitutional monarch

Explanation

The MRC, linked to the Petrograd Soviet, coordinated Red Guard and garrison actions that secured communications, bridges, and the Winter Palace.

Question 16Russia1917 and the development of Stalinist dictatorship

Which statement best captures a social-historical Ursache of 1917 beyond battlefield defeat alone?

  1. Wartime inflation, food shortages, and agrarian conflict eroded support for the old order Correct answer.
  2. Russia had already completed full industrialization with no peasant majority
  3. All workers enjoyed secure welfare states before 1914
  4. There was no land hunger among peasants

Explanation

Urban provisioning crises, price shocks, and unresolved peasant land hunger interacted with military collapse to radicalize politics.

Question 17Nazi dictatorship, war, persecution and the Holocaust

Gleichschaltung under NS rule means what?

  1. Forced coordination/alignment of institutions, associations, and public life under Nazi control Correct answer.
  2. A free federal balance of independent parties
  3. EU qualified-majority voting
  4. Neutral mediation by the League of Nations

Explanation

Gleichschaltung describes the rapid subordination of political and social organisations into the Nazi dictatorship - core Herrschaftspraxis alongside terror and propaganda.

Question 18Nazi dictatorship, war, persecution and the Holocaust

What roles of SS and Wehrmacht does the Erlass’s Vernichtungspolitik focus imply students must address?

  1. Their involvement in racial-ideological war and genocide structures during World War II Correct answer.
  2. Only their postwar NATO command charts
  3. Only medieval crusading orders
  4. Only EU battle groups

Explanation

PDF Konkretisierungen include Rolle von SS und Wehrmacht within Holocaust/Vernichtung contexts - Herrschaft and war crimes responsibility.

Question 19Nazi dictatorship, war, persecution and the Holocaust

Which statement best distinguishes NS dictatorship from Weimar democracy for AFB II analysis?

  1. NS rule replaced pluralism with Führerdiktatur, terror, propaganda, and racial exclusion; Weimar had contested democratic institutions Correct answer.
  2. Both systems equally protected multiparty opposition and minority rights
  3. NS rule was legally identical to Weimar’s constitution without change
  4. Weimar already practised Holocaust state policy in 1919

Explanation

Q2.3’s Zerstörung von Demokratie und Menschenrechten requires contrast with Weimar’s democratic institutions and rights framework.

Question 20Nazi dictatorship, war, persecution and the Holocaust

A Gestaltung task asking for a 1935 exile letter should prioritise what historically?

  1. Accurate constraints of persecution, censorship, and exile options facing the chosen actor Correct answer.
  2. Modern EU passport free-movement rules as if already valid
  3. Ignoring racial laws as irrelevant
  4. Writing only about medieval guilds

Explanation

Gestaltungsanteile must be historically grounded; anachronism and ignorance of NS exclusion destroy the task’s credibility.

Question 21Nazi dictatorship, war, persecution and the Holocaust

When using a Nazi propaganda poster as a source, the best first step is what?

  1. Establish provenance, intended audience, techniques, and relationship to terror/exclusion policies Correct answer.
  2. Accept every claim as neutral factual reportage
  3. Ignore visual rhetoric entirely
  4. Treat it as a postwar FRG government leaflet

Explanation

EPA Quellenarbeit and 11.a.2’s inclusion of images require critical reading of propaganda as Herrschaftsinstrument, not as transparent truth.

Question 22Revolutions, industrialization and nineteenth-century German society

In the 1848/49 German Revolution, what did the kleindeutsch versus großdeutsch dispute concern?

  1. Whether a German nation-state should exclude or include Austria (kleindeutsch vs. großdeutsch) Correct answer.
  2. Whether Germany should join NATO or the Warsaw Pact
  3. Whether the currency should be the Euro or the Mark
  4. Whether Berlin or Bonn should be the capital of the FRG

Explanation

Q1.1 lists the nationale Frage as kleindeutsch vs. großdeutsch - a constitutional/national organisation dispute about Austria’s place in a German nation-state.

Question 23Revolutions, industrialization and nineteenth-century German society

The Paulskirchenversammlung in Frankfurt is most closely associated with which 1848/49 development?

  1. An elected national assembly attempting a German constitution and nation-state framework Correct answer.
  2. The founding of the Warsaw Pact
  3. The signing of the Versailles Treaty
  4. The construction of the Berlin Wall

Explanation

The Frankfurt National Assembly (Paulskirche) was the revolutionary parliament that debated Verfassung, Grundrechte, and national organisation - central to Q1.1’s constitutional questions.

Question 24Revolutions, industrialization and nineteenth-century German society

Which statement best captures a lasting achievement often linked to 1848/49 despite political failure?

  1. Articulation of fundamental rights and constitutional-national programmes that shaped later political culture Correct answer.
  2. Immediate, lasting kleindeutsch empire under a liberal emperor in 1849
  3. Permanent abolition of all German monarchies in 1848
  4. Creation of NATO command structures

Explanation

Though the revolution failed politically, it left constitutional and rights language, political mobilisation experience, and national programmes that later actors referenced - the Erlass’s bleibende Errungenschaften theme.

Question 25Revolutions, industrialization and nineteenth-century German society

A source from March 1848 demanding press freedom and a constitution best supports which analytical claim?

  1. Revolutionaries combined liberal political demands with calls to reshape state organisation Correct answer.
  2. The source proves Stalin’s Five-Year Plans succeeded
  3. The source is primarily about nuclear deterrence
  4. The source proves the Hallsteindoktrin was already law in 1848

Explanation

Q1.1 emphasises soziale und politische Forderungen and Verfassungsfragen; a March petition is classic evidence for liberal constitutional demands.

Question 26Revolutions, industrialization and nineteenth-century German society

Why did many German liberals in 1848/49 struggle to unite social and national goals?

  1. Conflicts among liberals, democrats, and conservatives over suffrage, social reform, and national borders split coalitions Correct answer.
  2. All factions agreed on every issue and failed only due to weather
  3. They already possessed a stable democratic empire
  4. They refused to discuss Verfassung at all

Explanation

Q1.1’s politische Strömungen point to competing programmes - moderate liberals vs. radicals vs. monarchist forces - which weakened revolutionary cohesion.

Question 27Revolutions, industrialization and nineteenth-century German society

When comparing 1849 failure with 1871 Reichsgründung, which contrast is most accurate?

  1. 1848/49 sought liberal-national constitutional nation-building from below; 1871 achieved kleindeutsch unity largely through Prussian power politics Correct answer.
  2. Both created identical parliamentary democracies with universal suffrage overnight
  3. 1871 restored the Holy Roman Empire unchanged
  4. 1849 succeeded while 1871 failed

Explanation

The Erlass invites Parallele und Kontrast: revolutionary constitutional aims vs. Bismarck-era unification under Prussian leadership with a different constitutional balance.

Question 28Revolutions, industrialization and nineteenth-century German society

Which constitutional feature characterised the Kaiserreich’s power structure?

  1. Strong monarchical/executive weight (Obrigkeitsstaat) alongside a Reichstag with limited parliamentary control of government Correct answer.
  2. A pure presidential system identical to the USA in 1787
  3. Direct election of the Reichskanzler by universal suffrage of all adults from 1871
  4. No elected chamber at all

Explanation

The Kaiserreich combined imperial/executive authority with a Reichstag; ministers were not fully dependent on parliamentary confidence as in a mature parliamentary system - Tradition vs. Moderne.

Question 29Imperial rivalry, World War I and the interwar order

The July Crisis of 1914 is crucial because it shows what?

  1. How a regional assassination crisis escalated through alliances, mobilisation timetables, and great-power decisions into general war Correct answer.
  2. How the Berlin Wall was negotiated peacefully
  3. How the Euro was introduced
  4. How Stalin launched collectivisation

Explanation

Q1.6 names the Julikrise among the pathway factors from nationalism, militarism, and alliances into world war.

Question 30Imperial rivalry, World War I and the interwar order

Moroccan Crises before 1914 are useful evidence for which claim?

  1. Imperial rivalries and alliance politics repeatedly raised Franco-German and great-power tensions Correct answer.
  2. Europe had already achieved stable multipolar peace institutions like the EU
  3. Nuclear deterrence prevented all crises
  4. The USSR already dominated Western Europe

Explanation

Q1.6 lists Marokkokrisen as part of the path into war via nationalism, militarism, and alliance systems.

Question 31Imperial rivalry, World War I and the interwar order

How did World War I most clearly „destroy the old European order“?

  1. Collapse or transformation of empires, mass mobilisation/total war, and a postwar settlement that remade states and politics Correct answer.
  2. It left all empires and monarchies unchanged
  3. It immediately created a stable bipolar Cold War in 1914
  4. It abolished all armies in 1918 permanently

Explanation

The Themenfeld frames WWI as destroying the old order - imperial collapse, social upheaval, and a new international map (linking forward to Weimar and revolutions).

Question 32Imperial rivalry, World War I and the interwar order

Wilhelm II’s Weltpolitik differed from Bismarck’s approach mainly by what tendency?

  1. More assertive global/imperial ambitions and a less restrained alliance diplomacy than Bismarck’s continental balancing Correct answer.
  2. Strict isolationism refusing all colonies and fleets
  3. Joining the Warsaw Pact
  4. Adopting Stalinist collectivisation

Explanation

The Erlass’s Wende from Bismarck to Wilhelm II points to a shift toward Weltpolitik and a riskier great-power posture feeding pre-war tensions.

Question 33Imperial rivalry, World War I and the interwar order

In a Quellenargumentation on war enthusiasm in 1914, what source-critical caution is essential?

  1. Propaganda, urban public scenes, and later memoirs may overrepresent enthusiasm and underrepresent dissent or fear Correct answer.
  2. All 1914 sources are perfectly neutral mirrors of society
  3. Only statistics without provenance are valid
  4. Images can never be historical sources

Explanation

EPA source work requires provenance and perspective; wartime media often staged unity narratives - a key multiperspectivity skill for bilingual Klausuren.

Question 34Weimar democracy, postwar reckoning and public memory

Article 48 emergency powers in the Weimar Constitution are historically significant because they enabled what?

  1. Presidential rule by decree that later facilitated Präsidialregierungen and democratic erosion Correct answer.
  2. Automatic EU membership
  3. Permanent prohibition of any president
  4. Immediate collectivisation of farms

Explanation

Präsidialregierungen in the Erlass trajectory toward Machtergreifung rest partly on expansive use of presidential emergency authority.

Question 35Weimar democracy, postwar reckoning and public memory

Stresemann’s Außenpolitik is best summarised as what?

  1. A strategy combining fulfilment/understanding in the West with longer-term revision aims and League engagement Correct answer.
  2. Immediate unlimited remilitarisation identical to 1938 expansion
  3. Refusal of any contact with Western powers
  4. Founding of the Warsaw Pact

Explanation

Q2.1 highlights Strategie Stresemanns within Revisionismus and West/Ost orientation - often described as understanding policy with revisionist goals.

Question 36Weimar democracy, postwar reckoning and public memory

The Treaty of Versailles mattered for Weimar democracy primarily because it what?

  1. Imposed territorial, military, and reparations terms that fuelled revisionism and polarised domestic politics Correct answer.
  2. Granted Germany immediate colonial expansion
  3. Created the Federal Republic in 1919
  4. Ended all party conflict inside Germany

Explanation

Q2.1 places Versailler Vertrag at the centre of Weimar foreign policy and links to Revisionismus and domestic contestation.

Question 37Weimar democracy, postwar reckoning and public memory

West- versus Ostorientierung in Weimar foreign policy refers to what dilemma?

  1. Whether to prioritise understanding with Western powers and/or arrangements involving the Soviet Union Correct answer.
  2. Whether to join NAFTA or Mercosur
  3. Whether Berlin or Tokyo should lead the EU
  4. Whether to abolish diplomacy

Explanation

Q2.1 explicitly names West- versus Ostorientierung alongside Stresemann’s strategy and attitudes of victors and the USSR.

Question 38Weimar democracy, postwar reckoning and public memory

A strong Sachurteil on Weimar might argue what nuanced position?

  1. Weimar achieved real democratic institutions yet remained vulnerable to economic crisis, anti-system mobilisation, and constitutional emergency pathways Correct answer.
  2. Weimar never held elections or wrote a constitution
  3. Weimar was already a Führerstaat in 1919
  4. Weimar’s foreign policy had no connection to domestic stability

Explanation

Q2.1 frames Weimar as first democracy while also tracing Präsidialregierungen and Machtergreifung - inviting balanced judgment of achievement and fragility.

Question 39German division, Cold War, détente and European integration

Why can the Cold War be judged both „stable“ and „labile“?

  1. Long periods without direct US–USSR hot war coexisted with crises, arms races, and proxy conflicts risking escalation Correct answer.
  2. There were never any crises after 1945
  3. Nuclear weapons made all politics irrelevant
  4. Blocs dissolved in 1946 permanently

Explanation

Q3.1’s title forces this dual judgment: bipolar structures could stabilise deterrence yet remain crisis-prone (Berlin, Cuba, etc.).

Question 40German division, Cold War, détente and European integration

What did the Hallsteindoktrin principally assert?

  1. FRG claim to sole representation and diplomatic pressure against third states recognising the GDR Correct answer.
  2. Automatic recognition of the GDR by Bonn in 1955 as equal
  3. Dissolution of NATO
  4. Abolition of the Basic Law

Explanation

Hallsteindoktrin held that the FRG alone represented Germany and treated recognition of the GDR by third states as an unfriendly act - shaping early inner-German/international relations.

Question 41German division, Cold War, détente and European integration

Opposition movements in the GDR before 1989/90 typically demanded what?

  1. Travel/rights reforms, free expression, and democratic change - not initially always immediate accession to the FRG Correct answer.
  2. Immediate restoration of the Kaiser
  3. Application of Appeasement to Hitler
  4. Return to Dual Power of 1917 Russia

Explanation

Q3.3’s oppositionelle Bewegung is part of the revolutionary dynamic; demands centred on rights and reform, with unity accelerating as events unfolded.

Question 42German division, Cold War, détente and European integration

A comparative judgment from Hallsteindoktrin to 1990 unity should emphasise what?

  1. Long-term West German sole-representation claims gave way through Ostpolitik, crisis, and revolution to internationally agreed unity Correct answer.
  2. Inner-German relations never changed after 1949
  3. Unity occurred in 1871 only and not in 1990
  4. The GDR never existed as a state in international practice

Explanation

Q3.3’s arc - Hallsteindoktrin, Neue Ostpolitik, Revolution, Einigung - is a continuity-and-change story ending in unity.

Question 43German division, Cold War, détente and European integration

In an English bilingual Klausur on European integration, which practice is most appropriate?

  1. Write the argument in English while accurately retaining German proper names (EGKS, EWG, Hallsteindoktrin when relevant) Correct answer.
  2. Answer entirely in Latin verse
  3. Ignore all sources and list only dates
  4. Use only French because the subject is bilingual English

Explanation

Official response language is English; established German historical terms and acronyms should be preserved accurately - matching this bank’s bilingual literacy aim and LA26 11.a practice.

Question 44Revolutions, industrialization and nineteenth-century German society

Welche Funktion hatte die Kontinentalsperre, die Napoleon 1806 gegen Großbritannien verhängte?

  1. Sie sollte den Überseehandel der französischen Kolonien fördern
  2. Sie war ein Bündnisvertrag zwischen Frankreich und Russland zur Aufteilung Europas
  3. Sie diente der Abschaffung der Sklaverei in den französischen Kolonien
  4. Sie sollte den britischen Handel durch die Sperrung europäischer Häfen für britische Waren wirtschaftlich treffen Correct answer.

Explanation

Mit der Kontinentalsperre wollte Napoleon Großbritannien wirtschaftlich in die Knie zwingen, indem er den Handel mit britischen Waren in den von ihm kontrollierten europäischen Häfen untersagte. Sie verursachte jedoch auch wirtschaftliche Schäden auf dem Kontinent und wurde vielfach umgangen.

Question 45Revolutions, industrialization and nineteenth-century German society

Welche Rolle spielte der Code civil von 1804 für die europäische Rechtsentwicklung?

  1. Er führte das allgemeine Wahlrecht für Männer ein
  2. Er vereinheitlichte bürgerliches Recht und verankerte Gleichheit vor dem Gesetz sowie Eigentumsfreiheit Correct answer.
  3. Er regelte ausschließlich das Strafrecht und die Todesstrafe
  4. Er stellte die ständischen Privilegien des Adels wieder her

Explanation

Der Code civil kodifizierte zivilrechtliche Grundsätze wie Gleichheit vor dem Gesetz, Eigentumsfreiheit und Vertragsfreiheit und wirkte weit über Frankreich hinaus. Er prägte die bürgerliche Rechtsordnung vieler europäischer Staaten bis ins 20. Jahrhundert.

Question 46Revolutions, industrialization and nineteenth-century German society

Was war das zentrale Ergebnis des Wiener Kongresses von 1814/15 für die politische Ordnung Europas?

  1. Die Herstellung eines Gleichgewichts der Großmächte durch Restauration und territoriale Neuordnung Correct answer.
  2. Die Einführung konstitutioneller Verfassungen in allen europäischen Staaten
  3. Die Auflösung des Heiligen Römischen Reiches und die Schaffung eines französischen Satellitenstaates
  4. Die Gründung eines deutschen Nationalstaats unter preußischer Führung

Explanation

Der Wiener Kongress zielte auf die Wiederherstellung der vorrevolutionären Ordnung und ein Mächtegleichgewicht, das durch den Deutschen Bund und die Pentarchie der Großmächte gesichert werden sollte. Die nationale und liberale Bewegung blieb dabei weitgehend unberücksichtigt.

Question 47Revolutions, industrialization and nineteenth-century German society

Welche Aussage charakterisiert die Industrialisierung in England im späten 18. Jahrhundert im Vergleich zu Kontinentaleuropa?

  1. England industrialisierte sich erst nach 1870, nachdem Deutschland und Frankreich vorangegangen waren
  2. England verfügte früh über Kapital, Rohstoffe wie Kohle und ein dichtes Verkehrsnetz, was die Mechanisierung begünstigte Correct answer.
  3. England verdankte seine Industrialisierung vor allem staatlichen Manufakturen nach französischem Vorbild
  4. England industrialisierte sich ohne nennenswerte technische Innovationen allein durch Handel

Explanation

England begann die Industrialisierung als erstes Land, begünstigt durch Kohle- und Eisenerzvorkommen, Kapital aus dem Kolonialhandel, eine leistungsfähige Landwirtschaft und ein relativ flexibles Verkehrssystem. Technische Innovationen wie die Dampfmaschine beschleunigten den Prozess.

Question 48Revolutions, industrialization and nineteenth-century German society

Welche sozialen Folgen hatte die Fabrikarbeit im frühen 19. Jahrhundert für die Arbeiterschaft?

  1. Die Landbevölkerung wanderte kaum in die Städte ab
  2. Lange Arbeitszeiten, Kinderarbeit und fehlende soziale Absicherung prägten den Alltag der Fabrikarbeiter Correct answer.
  3. Die Handwerkszünfte gewannen durch die Fabrikproduktion an Bedeutung
  4. Die Arbeiter erhielten erstmals gesetzliche Renten- und Krankenversicherungen

Explanation

Die frühe Fabrikarbeit war durch sehr lange Arbeitszeiten, geringe Löhne, Kinderarbeit und den Wegfall traditioneller Sicherungen geprägt. Erst im späteren 19. Jahrhundert entstanden Sozialversicherungen und Arbeitsschutzgesetze.

Question 49Revolutions, industrialization and nineteenth-century German society

Welche Bedeutung hatte die Dampfmaschine für die Industrialisierung?

  1. Sie ersetzte die Eisenbahn als Transportmittel vollständig
  2. Sie führte zur Abschaffung der Dampfschifffahrt
  3. Sie machte den Kohleabbau überflüssig
  4. Sie lieferte eine von Wasser- und Windkraft unabhängige Energiequelle und ermöglichte die Verlagerung von Produktionsstätten Correct answer.

Explanation

Die Dampfmaschine, entscheidend verbessert durch James Watt, lieferte mechanische Energie unabhängig von natürlichen Standortfaktoren. Dadurch konnten Fabriken in Städten entstehen und Eisenbahn und Dampfschiff den Transport revolutionieren.

Question 50Revolutions, industrialization and nineteenth-century German society

Was versteht man unter der „Sozialen Frage“ im 19. Jahrhundert?

  1. Die Frage nach der staatsrechtlichen Stellung des Adels im Deutschen Bund
  2. Die Debatte um die Verelendung der Arbeiterschaft und mögliche Antworten durch Sozialreformen oder Revolution Correct answer.
  3. Den Streit um die Einführung des Zölibats in der katholischen Kirche
  4. Die Diskussion um die Kolonialpolitik der europäischen Mächte in Afrika

Explanation

Die Soziale Frage bezeichnet das Problem der massenhaften Verelendung der Industriearbeiterschaft und die Suche nach Lösungen, etwa durch staatliche Sozialpolitik, Gewerkschaften oder die sozialistische Bewegung. Sie war ein zentrales Thema des 19. Jahrhunderts.