Hamburg Abitur Philosophy key terms

A property of a deductive inference such that its premises can not all be true while its conclusion is false, without establishing thatthepremises areactuallytrue.

The combination of deductive validity and true premises, which must be distinguished from a merely persuasive presentation or a valid pattern with falseassumptions.

Philosophical inquiry into knowledge, justification, its sources and limits, distinct from simply listing facts or describing how people happen to form beliefs.

Reasoning beyond observed cases or from patterns toward broader expectations, whose justification and limits require analysis rather than a deductive certainty assumption.

A case thatchallenges a general claim or purported logical necessity by satisfying the relevant conditions while failing theclaimed result.

Inquiry into conceptions of human beings and their implications for identity, freedom, dignity and social life, rather than a complete description of every individual.

A family of positions distinguishing two fundamental kinds or aspects;Cartesian substance dualism specifically distinguishes thinking and extended substance.

A philosophical model of agreement used to explain or justify political authority, which is not necessarily a report of an actual founding meeting.

A hypothetical restriction on knowledge of one's ownfuture position used to reason about principles of justice without tailoring them to known personal advantage.

The capacity or status involved in attributing action to an agent, whose understanding depends on the account of knowledge, control and responsibility being used.

The policy or principle on which an agent proposes to act, whose formulation matters when testing universalizability in Kantian moral reasoning.

A family of moral approaches evaluating actions, rules or institutions through consequences, with particular theories specifying what outcomes count and how they are compared.

Context-sensitive judgment about appropriate action and human flourishing, central to Aristotelian virtue ethics rather than a mechanical numerical average.

A value-laden or obligation-related statement needed to support a moral conclusion, distinguished from a purely descriptive claim about what occurs.

Inquiry into the meaning, status and justification of moral claims, distinguished from applying a specific moral rule to decide an individual case.

A person or group whose relevant interests, rights or responsibilities may be affected by a proposal, including people not directly represented in the discussion.

An evaluative relationship between a measure's aims, its likely benefits and burdens, and available less intrusive alternatives, in the particular framework being used.

Self-direction or self-government understood within a particular ethical account, requiring attention to context rather than automatic endorsement of every expressed request.

A reason concerning matters relevant to a community's legitimate concerns, which requires argument rather than being identical with curiosity or publicity.

A lack of complete clarity about relevant facts, values or their application, which should be acknowledged and analyzed rather than concealed by fabricated evidence.