Lower Saxony Zentralabitur Physics study plan

Set up a formula sheet organized by domain and write the Newtonian force equations from memory in under five minutes

Solve at least twelve kinematics problems (uniform acceleration, projectile motion, relative velocity) and label every given quantity with its unit

Derive the three equations of motion for constant acceleration from a velocity-time graph and explain each term in writing

Analyze two real-world motion situations (braking car, falling object with air resistance) and state which model assumptions fail and why

Apply Newton's laws to inclined planes, connected masses, and circular motion problems, drawing a free-body diagram for every case

Solve conservation-of-momentum problems for elastic, inelastic, and perfectly inelastic collisions, verifying results with energy considerations

Compute gravitational field strength, orbital velocity, and escape velocity for at least three astronomical bodies

Derive Kepler's third law from the gravitational force law and use it to calculate an orbital period

Calculate electric field strength and potential for point charges and simple symmetric configurations, stating the superposition principle explicitly

Solve DC circuit problems with series and parallel combinations, computing current, voltage, and power for each resistor

Determine magnetic flux density for straight wires and solenoids and compute the force on a current-carrying conductor

Apply Faraday's and Lenz's laws to predict the direction and magnitude of induced currents in changing-flux situations

Derive the period of a spring-mass and a pendulum oscillator and calculate energy exchange between kinetic and potential forms

Apply the superposition principle to two-source interference and calculate path differences for constructive and destructive conditions

Use the double-slit and single-slit equations to predict fringe spacing and minima positions, and sketch the resulting intensity pattern

Explain resonance and damping qualitatively and identify them in at least two technical applications

Explain the photoelectric effect using the photon model and calculate stopping voltage, threshold frequency, and work function

Interpret the de Broglie wavelength and apply it to electrons in a given accelerating voltage

Derive the Bohr energy levels and calculate emission and absorption wavelengths for hydrogen transitions

Describe an experiment demonstrating wave-particle duality and state which result requires which model

Describe alpha, beta, and gamma decay and write balanced nuclear reaction equations for each

Apply the radioactive decay law and half-life to calculate activity and remaining nuclei after a given time

Calculate mass defect and binding energy per nucleon and use the curve to argue for fusion versus fission energy release

Distinguish atomic structure models and state the evidence that supports the nuclear model

Apply the first law of thermodynamics to isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, and adiabatic processes and sketch each in a p-V diagram

Use the ideal gas law to compute state variables and explain the kinetic interpretation of temperature

Calculate time dilation, length contraction, and relativistic mass increase for given velocities

Compute relativistic energy and momentum and identify when classical approximations are acceptable

Design a controlled experiment for a given physics question, specifying variables, measurement procedure, and sources of error

Analyze a provided data table by fitting a linearized relationship and determining uncertainty in the slope

Evaluate a model's limits by comparing prediction and measurement and stating assumptions that break down

Complete a timed full-length practice paper under exam conditions and self-mark against the official criteria