North Rhine-Westphalia Zentralabitur Educational Science cheat sheet
North Rhine-Westphalia Zentralabitur Educational Science · Keep the key ideas within reach.
Research, biological explanations and evidence
Dendrites receive, axons transmit, myelin supports conduction, and axon terminals release neurotransmitters into a synaptic gap.
Agonist mimics/enhances a neurotransmitter; antagonist blocks it.
Sympathetic = arousal (fight-or-flight); parasympathetic = calming/restoration.
Classic models associate Broca-related networks with speech production and Wernicke-related networks with comprehension; real language function is distributed.
Hippocampus consolidates memory; amygdala handles fear and emotional salience.
Hypothalamus regulates internal state; thalamus relays sensory information.
Development, learning and educational interpretation
Piaget: sensorimotor (object permanence), preoperational (egocentrism), concrete operational (conservation), formal operational (abstract).
Assimilation fits new info into existing schema; accommodation changes the schema.
Classical conditioning: neutral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus through pairing.
Reinforcement increases behavior; punishment decreases it; positive adds, negative removes.
Variable-ratio schedules can show strong extinction resistance under thecompared conditions.
Parenting-style outcome associations vary by context and do not establish a universal causal beststyle.
Personality, motivation and social processes
Fundamental attribution error: overemphasize disposition, underemphasize situation when judging others.
Cognitive dissonance: tension from conflicting cognitions, reduced by changing beliefs or behavior.
Asch studied conformity; Milgram studied obedience to authority.
Diffusion of responsibility can reduce helping in some group situations; it is not a universal outcome for every group.
Big Five: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.
Prejudice = attitude; discrimination = behavior.
Education, participation and professional pedagogical reasoning
Distinguish education, socialization and Bildung.
Connect learner, goal, method and evidence rather than choosing a label alone.
Compare educational traditions through actual principles and practice.
Analyze inclusion through participation andbarriers, not stereotypes.
Apply theories with role awareness, reflection and evaluation.