Saxony Abitur Civics, Law and Economics - independent foundations key terms

A constitutional commitment to respecting each person as a subject with inherent worth, constraining state power and informing rights protection.

A structured evaluation of a legitimate aim, suitable means, necessity and the balance between burdens and public purposes.

The elected German federal parliament, responsible for legislation, budget decisions, executive scrutiny and electing the federal chancellor under constitutional procedures.

The federal institution composed of members of German Land governments, participating in federal legislation through constitutionally differentiated procedures.

The constitutional independence of a representative from binding orders and instructions, compatible with political cooperation and public accountability.

An organization aggregating particular interests and seeking influence through advocacy, expertise or mobilization without necessarily competing to form government.

The EU institution of national heads of state or government that sets broad political direction, distinct from the ministerial Council.

An EU legal act binding addressed states as to a result, generally requiring national implementation while allowing choice of form and methods.

Law governing public authority and related legal relationships, distinguished from private-law dealings that public bodies can also enter.

The procedural protection against treating an accused person as guilty before guilt is established through a lawful decision process.

The value of the next-best alternative forgone when choosing an action, not the sum of every rejected possibility.

A tax or transfer mechanism whose existing rules change receipts or payments with economic conditions without a new discretionary decision.

A flow of resources received over a specified period, distinguished from assets and liabilities measured at a particular time.

A stock of assets less liabilities at a specified date, requiring separate measurement from periodic earnings or disposable income.

The lifelong interaction through which people acquire and reinterpret norms, roles, identities and expectations within changing social environments.

A summary distribution measure whose interpretation depends on the defined resource, population and scale, rather than directly counting people in poverty.

Deprivation measured against a specified society-relative benchmark, which can change when the reference distribution changes even without identical absolute income changes.

An unsupported inference about individuals from an aggregate relationship, such as assuming every resident shares a neighborhood average or motive.

The arithmetic difference between two percentages, distinct from their relative percentage change calculated against a stated starting value.

A systematic difference between those observed and the target population that can distort an inference even when the observed sample is large.

A variable related to both a proposed explanatory factor and an outcome, potentially producing a misleading association if not addressed.

The outcome that would have occurred under a different action or exposure, which cannot simply be read from a single observed before-and-after change.

A concrete means of public action, such as information, regulation, spending or a price incentive, distinguished from the goal it seeks.

The process through which adopted decisions become practical action, involving resources, interpretation, incentives and possible gaps between design and delivery.

Identification of affected actors, their interests, resources and responsibilities, without assuming that every interest has identical authority or legal standing.

A statement about what ought to be valued or done, requiring an explicit evaluative standard rather than empirical verification alone.

A statement concerning observable conditions or relationships that can be assessed against appropriately gathered evidence and a stated method.

An account of justified authority emphasizing participation, representation and the procedures through which citizens can influence public decisions.

An account of justified authority emphasizing effective problem-solving and public outcomes, which does not by itself settle participation or rights concerns.

The selective organization and presentation of an issue that makes certain interpretations salient without necessarily changing every underlying factual observation.