Saxony Graecum: Ancient Greek foundations flashcards
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- lemma
- A dictionary headword identifying a lexical item before its particular inflected form is analysed within a sentence.
- declension
- A pattern of nominal inflection organizing endings that encode grammatical categories such as case and number.
- case
- A grammatical category marking structural relationships, whose precise function depends on the governing word and whole construction.
- agreement
- The matching of grammatical categories between linked words, which need not produce identical visible endings or resolve every ambiguity.
- augment
- A formation associated with past indicative forms in relevant Ancient Greek verb systems, interpreted alongside stem and ending.
- reduplication
- A repeated or modified initial element occurring in many perfect-system formations, which provides a morphological clue rather than a complete parse.
- aorist
- A Greek tense system associated with perfective aspect, whose time interpretation depends on mood and construction rather than one universal past translation.
- optative
- A verbal mood with several uses, including wishes, potential expressions and some oblique constructions after past reporting contexts.
- middle voice
- A grammatical voice whose interpretation depends on the verb and construction, not automatically equivalent to a literal reflexive or ordinary passive.
- genitive absolute
- A circumstantial construction involving a genitive expression and participle outside the ordinary main-clause structure, interpreted through its contextual relationship.
- participle
- A nonfinite verbal form with adjectival inflection that can function attributively, circumstantially or in a supplementary construction.
- main predication
- The central assertion of a clause, relating its action or state to the relevant grammatical participants.
- referent
- The person, entity or proposition identified by a referring expression, recovered through the actual surrounding discourse.
- particle
- A small discourse-related word contributing relationships such as contrast, explanation or continuation, without always having one fixed translation.
- inference
- A conclusion supported by the supplied linguistic and contextual evidence, distinguished from an explicit statement or an invented background story.
- principal parts
- Selected dictionary forms showing a verb’s important stems, allowing recognition of forms that differ substantially from its present headword.
- polysemy
- The existence of related meanings for a lexical item, requiring a passage-specific choice rather than automatic first-gloss translation.
- transliteration
- The representation of a word’s written form in another script, distinguished from a translation of its contextual meaning.
- learned borrowing
- A later adoption drawing on a classical form, which may differ from words inherited through continuous spoken development.
- etymon
- An earlier source form from which a later word derives, distinguished from an invented reconstruction or modern derivative.