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Saxony Abitur Sport - independent theory foundations study materials
Saxony Abitur Sport - independent theory foundations study resources

Saxony Abitur Sport - independent theory foundations practice questions

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Question 1Functional anatomy and exercise physiology

Which energy system supplies ATP most rapidly for efforts of roughly 1–10 seconds (e.g. a short sprint or maximal lift)?

  1. Phosphagen system (ATP-PCr / alactic anaerobic) Correct answer.
  2. Oxidative phosphorylation of fatty acids only
  3. Aerobic glycolysis from blood glucose only
  4. Protein oxidation as the primary pathway

Explanation

The ATP-PCr (phosphagen) system regenerates ATP fastest without lactate accumulation, dominating very short maximal efforts before glycolytic and oxidative pathways take larger shares.

Question 2Functional anatomy and exercise physiology

During high-intensity efforts lasting roughly 30–90 seconds, which pathway contributes a large share of ATP with lactate formation?

  1. Anaerobic glycolysis (lactic anaerobic system) Correct answer.
  2. Exclusive fat oxidation in mitochondria
  3. Only the phosphagen system with zero glycolysis
  4. Only direct ATP stores without regeneration

Explanation

Anaerobic glycolysis rapidly produces ATP from glucose/glycogen and forms lactate - central for intensive Intervall and middle-distance style efforts.

Question 3Functional anatomy and exercise physiology

A key chronic adaptation of the Herz-Kreislauf-System to aerobes Ausdauertraining is...

  1. increased stroke volume and improved oxygen transport capacity Correct answer.
  2. decreased capillary density in trained muscle
  3. permanent resting tachycardia as the only adaptation
  4. loss of red blood cell mass as a training goal

Explanation

Endurance training typically raises Schlagvolumen, lowers resting heart rate, and improves O₂ delivery (including capillary and mitochondrial adaptations in muscle).

Question 4Functional anatomy and exercise physiology

Type II (fast-twitch) muscle fibres, compared with Type I, are generally...

  1. faster contracting and more fatigable, suited to sprint/power efforts Correct answer.
  2. always exclusively oxidative and fatigue-resistant only
  3. incapable of producing force
  4. found only in cardiac muscle

Explanation

Typ-II fibres contract quickly and generate high force but fatigue sooner; Typ-I fibres are more oxidative and fatigue-resistant - a core Sportbiologie contrast for Kraft vs Ausdauer profiles.

Question 5Functional anatomy and exercise physiology

Lactate accumulation during intensive work is best interpreted as...

  1. a marker associated with high glycolytic flux and metabolic acidosis stress, not simply a 'poison' that permanently damages muscle Correct answer.
  2. proof that aerobic metabolism has completely stopped forever
  3. evidence that the phosphagen system never contributed
  4. a signal that fat oxidation is the sole ATP source

Explanation

Modern Sportbiologie treats lactate as part of glycolytic metabolism and a shuttleable fuel/signal; high lactate indicates high anaerobic glycolytic contribution under Intensität, not magical muscle poisoning.

Question 6Functional anatomy and exercise physiology

Which statement about Regeneration after hard training is most accurate?

  1. Sleep, nutrition, hydration and planned easy days enable restoration and supercompensation; ignoring them raises Übertraining risk Correct answer.
  2. Regeneration is unnecessary if Intensität was high
  3. Only ice baths matter; sleep is irrelevant
  4. Eating zero carbohydrate always maximises glycogen restoration

Explanation

Regeneration is an active training component: sleep, CHO/protein intake, fluids and load management restore homeostasis so Überkompensation can occur.

Question 7Functional anatomy and exercise physiology

Cardiac output (Herzzeitvolumen) during endurance exercise rises primarily because...

  1. heart rate and stroke volume both increase to deliver more blood per minute Correct answer.
  2. only plasma volume decreases with no HR change
  3. the heart stops between beats for longer
  4. venous return falls to zero

Explanation

Herzzeitvolumen = HF × Schlagvolumen. Exercise increases both (within limits), raising O₂ delivery to working muscle.

Question 8Functional anatomy and exercise physiology

Anabolic-androgenic steroid misuse is associated with which pattern of risk emphasised in Sporttheorie?

  1. health risks (e.g. hormonal, cardiovascular, hepatic) plus sport-ethical and legal sanctions (Sperren, Aberkennung) Correct answer.
  2. guaranteed safe performance with zero side effects
  3. effects limited to skin colour only
  4. mandatory prescription for all school athletes

Explanation

Lehrplan Sporttheorie links leistungssteigernde Mittel to gesundheitliche, soziale and sportrechtliche Konsequenzen - including Sperren - not to harmless shortcuts.

Question 9Functional anatomy and exercise physiology

Glycogen stored in muscle and liver is especially important for...

  1. sustaining high-intensity and prolonged carbohydrate-dependent endurance efforts Correct answer.
  2. building bone mineral exclusively
  3. oxygen binding in haemoglobin exclusively
  4. nerve myelin insulation exclusively

Explanation

Glycogen is the key CHO store fueling glycolysis and oxidative CHO use; depletion is tightly linked to performance drops in intensive/prolonged work.

Question 10Functional anatomy and exercise physiology

Which cardiovascular resting adaptation is commonly observed in well-trained endurance athletes?

  1. lower resting heart rate (Trainingsbradykardie) with maintained or elevated stroke volume Correct answer.
  2. resting HR permanently above 120 bpm as a goal
  3. complete absence of blood pressure
  4. inability to raise HR during exercise

Explanation

Endurance training often yields resting bradycardia with efficient stroke volume - a classic Sportbiologie Kennzeichen of aerobe Anpassung.

Question 11Functional anatomy and exercise physiology

Creatine phosphate (PCr) supports rapid ATP regeneration by...

  1. donating a phosphate group to ADP via creatine kinase in the phosphagen system Correct answer.
  2. binding oxygen in the lungs
  3. digesting dietary fat in the stomach
  4. blocking myosin permanently

Explanation

PCr + ADP ⇌ Cr + ATP (creatine kinase) buffers ATP during the first seconds of maximal work - the biochemical core of alactic Energiebereitstellung.

Question 12Functional anatomy and exercise physiology

Hypertrophy-oriented Krafttraining over weeks primarily aims to...

  1. increase muscle cross-sectional area and force potential through structural and neural adaptations Correct answer.
  2. reduce all Type II fibres to Type I permanently in one session
  3. eliminate the need for protein intake
  4. raise V̇O₂max more than dedicated endurance training

Explanation

Hypertrophietraining uses sufficient volume and metabolic stress plus recovery/nutrition to enlarge CSA; neural adaptations also raise Kraft early in a programme.

Question 13Functional anatomy and exercise physiology

Dehydration during prolonged exercise most directly threatens performance by...

  1. impairing thermoregulation and cardiovascular stability (reduced plasma volume / rising cardiovascular strain) Correct answer.
  2. increasing muscle glycogen above normal stores automatically
  3. raising haemoglobin saturation above 100%
  4. removing the need for electrolytes forever

Explanation

Fluid loss shrinks plasma volume, challenges heat dissipation and raises cardiovascular drift/strain - a core Sportbiologie reason hydration matters in Ausdauer.

Question 14Functional anatomy and exercise physiology

Which statement about Nahrungsergänzungsmittel (NEM) fits Saxon Sporttheorie emphasis?

  1. Some NEM can have physiological effects and risks; they are not automatically harmless and differ legally/ethically from certified doping substances Correct answer.
  2. All NEM are identical to anabolic steroids
  3. NEM are required by VwV Abiturprüfung for every candidate
  4. NEM always guarantee Olympic medals

Explanation

Lehrplan material distinguishes NEM (e.g. creatine, caffeine contexts) from verbotene leistungssteigernde Mittel while stressing health risks, legal status and critical evaluation - not blanket endorsement.

Question 15Functional anatomy and exercise physiology

Delayed onset muscle soreness (Muskelkater) appearing a day after unaccustomed eccentric work is best linked to...

  1. microtrauma and inflammatory repair processes in muscle, not acute lactate still sitting in the fibre from yesterday Correct answer.
  2. permanent paralysis of Type I fibres only
  3. instant bone fracture in every case
  4. excess oxygen bound to myosin

Explanation

DOMS is associated with structural microdamage especially after eccentric loading; residual lactate is not the explanatory model taught in contemporary Sportbiologie.

Question 16Functional anatomy and exercise physiology

During prolonged moderate exercise, reliance on fat oxidation typically...

  1. contributes a substantial fraction of energy as intensity stays in an aerobic zone and CHO stores must be spared Correct answer.
  2. is impossible because fat cannot yield ATP
  3. exceeds 100% of energy at maximal sprint Intensität
  4. requires complete absence of oxygen

Explanation

At moderate aerobe Intensität, fat oxidation contributes meaningfully alongside CHO; at sprint Intensität, anaerobic CHO pathways dominate and fat's relative share falls.

Question 17Functional anatomy and exercise physiology

Blood doping / EPO misuse is dangerous primarily because it can...

  1. excessively raise haematocrit and blood viscosity, increasing thrombotic and cardiovascular risk, while also violating anti-doping rules Correct answer.
  2. only improve flexibility with no systemic effect
  3. be required safety equipment in school Sportpraxis
  4. reduce red cell mass as its only effect

Explanation

Elevated erythrocyte mass can improve O₂ transport but dangerously increases viscosity/clot risk and is prohibited - classic Sportbiologie + Ethik linkage.

Question 18Functional anatomy and exercise physiology

Protein intake after Krafttraining is emphasised in applied Sportbiologie mainly to...

  1. provide amino acids for repair and remodeling of muscle proteins supporting adaptation Correct answer.
  2. replace the need for any training stimulus
  3. directly increase lung vital capacity overnight
  4. convert instantly into muscle glycogen without energy cost

Explanation

Dietary protein supplies amino acids for MPS and repair after mechanical loading; it complements, not replaces, the training Reiz and CHO needs for glycogen.

Question 19Energy systems and training principles

According to the Superkompensationsmodell used in Trainingswissenschaften, what happens to performance capacity after an adequately dosed training stimulus followed by sufficient recovery?

  1. It temporarily rises above the pre-training baseline (Überkompensation) before drifting back toward baseline if no further stimulus follows Correct answer.
  2. It stays exactly at the pre-training baseline until the next session
  3. It drops permanently below the pre-training baseline
  4. It rises only during the training session itself and collapses immediately afterward

Explanation

The Superkompensationsmodell (Yakovlev tradition) describes fatigue after a training Reiz, then recovery that overshoots the original Leistungsniveau. Timing the next stimulus into that elevated window is how fitness accumulates.

Question 20Energy systems and training principles

Which Trainingsprinzip explains why a single isolated workout produces almost no lasting fitness gain?

  1. Prinzip der Wiederholung und Kontinuität Correct answer.
  2. Prinzip der Individualität
  3. Prinzip der optimalen Relation von Belastung und Erholung
  4. Prinzip der progressiven Belastungssteigerung

Explanation

Wiederholung und Kontinuität states that adaptations accumulate only through regularly repeated stimuli over time; a one-off session triggers a transient response that fades without continuation.

Question 21Energy systems and training principles

A plan that steadily raises lifted weight every few weeks once the body has adapted is applying which Trainingsprinzip?

  1. Prinzip der progressiven Belastungssteigerung Correct answer.
  2. Prinzip der variierenden Belastung
  3. Prinzip der Individualität
  4. Prinzip der Wiederholung und Kontinuität

Explanation

Progressive Belastungssteigerung (progressive overload) requires the stimulus to increase in volume, intensity or complexity once adaptation has occurred, otherwise further gains stall.

Question 22Energy systems and training principles

What distinguishes the (extensive) Intervallmethode from the Dauermethode in endurance training?

  1. Intervallmethode alternates work phases with planned incomplete ('lohnende') recovery; Dauermethode is one continuous unbroken effort Correct answer.
  2. Intervallmethode always uses higher intensity than any form of Dauermethode
  3. Dauermethode is only used for strength training, never for endurance
  4. Intervallmethode requires complete rest to full recovery between every repetition

Explanation

Intervallmethode structures repeated load phases separated by planned incomplete recovery (lohnende Pause), whereas Dauermethode is a single continuous effort without breaks.

Question 23Energy systems and training principles

In Trainingslehre, the Wiederholungsmethode is best characterised by which combination?

  1. Near-maximal to maximal intensity with complete recovery between repetitions, used for speed or maximal strength Correct answer.
  2. Low-to-moderate constant intensity sustained without interruption over a long duration
  3. Short work bouts separated by deliberately incomplete recovery to accumulate fatigue
  4. Circuit-style stations performed back-to-back with almost no rest

Explanation

Wiederholungsmethode uses near-maximal/maximal intensity with full recovery so each repetition stays high quality - typically for Maximalkraft or Schnelligkeit rather than endurance.

Question 24Energy systems and training principles

Kraftausdauer is defined in Trainingslehre as the ability to...

  1. resist neuromuscular fatigue during prolonged or frequently repeated submaximal force output Correct answer.
  2. produce the single highest possible force in one maximal effort
  3. accelerate a light resistance as fast as possible from a standing start
  4. hold a joint through its full physiological range of motion

Explanation

Kraftausdauer (strength endurance) is resistance to fatigue under repeated or sustained submaximal force - distinct from Maximalkraft, Schnellkraft and Beweglichkeit.

Question 25Energy systems and training principles

Maximalkraft refers to...

  1. the greatest force a neuromuscular system can voluntarily produce in a single maximal contraction Correct answer.
  2. the ability to maintain submaximal force for many repetitions
  3. how quickly force can be developed against a light load
  4. joint range of motion under no external load

Explanation

Maximalkraft is peak voluntary force in one maximal effort - the ceiling from which Schnellkraft and Kraftausdauer expressions are often developed.

Question 26Energy systems and training principles

Which pairing correctly matches a konditionelle Fähigkeit with a typical training emphasis?

  1. Schnelligkeit - short maximal efforts with full recovery (Wiederholungsmethode) Correct answer.
  2. aerobe Ausdauer - near-maximal singles with complete rest only
  3. Maximalkraft - continuous low-intensity jogging
  4. Beweglichkeit - lactate-tolerance interval sets

Explanation

Schnelligkeit benefits from high-quality maximal or near-maximal efforts with full recovery so each attempt stays technically sharp - classic Wiederholungsmethode territory.

Question 27Energy systems and training principles

In Belastungsnormative (training load parameters), Intensität typically refers to...

  1. how hard the stimulus is relative to maximum (e.g. % of V̇O₂max, % of 1RM, pace, RPE) Correct answer.
  2. the total number of training weeks in a Macrocycle only
  3. the chronological age of the athlete alone
  4. whether the session is indoor or outdoor

Explanation

Intensität is the relative hardness of the Reiz - expressed as %1RM, %HFmax, pace, Watts or RPE - one of the classic Belastungsnormative alongside Umfang, Dichte, Dauer and Häufigkeit.

Question 28Energy systems and training principles

Trainingsdichte (density) in Belastungsnormative mainly describes...

  1. the temporal relationship between load and recovery within a session (work-to-rest ratio) Correct answer.
  2. the absolute weight on the bar
  3. the number of competitions per year
  4. the athlete's body-mass index

Explanation

Dichte captures how tightly load and pause are packed - e.g. short vs long rests between intervals - thereby shaping metabolic and neural demand of the session.

Question 29Energy systems and training principles

In classic Periodisierung, a Makrozyklus typically spans...

  1. a longer planning horizon (often a season or year) composed of Meso- and Mikrozyklen Correct answer.
  2. only a single training day
  3. exactly three repetitions of one exercise
  4. the rest interval between two sprints only

Explanation

Makrozyklus is the long-term frame (often Jahres- or Saisonplanung). It is subdivided into Mesozyklen (weeks/months) and Mikrozyklen (usually ~1 week).

Question 30Energy systems and training principles

Why is the Prinzip der Individualität central when applying the same Trainingsplan to two classmates?

  1. Identical external loads can produce different Beanspruchung depending on fitness, recovery capacity, age and training history Correct answer.
  2. All athletes must use exactly the same Intensität forever
  3. Individualität forbids any progressive overload
  4. Individualität means never measuring heart rate

Explanation

Belastung (external load) is not identical to Beanspruchung (internal response). Individualität requires adjusting plans because the same workout stresses different people differently.

Question 31Energy systems and training principles

A coach schedules the hardest interval session on the day when the athlete is expected to be in the supercompensation window after the previous hard session. Which principle is being applied most directly?

  1. Prinzip der optimalen Relation von Belastung und Erholung Correct answer.
  2. Prinzip der Vielseitigkeit alone
  3. Prinzip der Altersgemäßheit alone
  4. Prinzip der Ökonomie of movement alone

Explanation

Timing the next Reiz into the recovered / überkompensierte phase is exactly the optimale Relation von Belastung und Erholung that the Superkompensationsmodell operationalises.

Question 32Energy systems and training principles

Zirkeltraining (circuit training) is organisationally characterised by...

  1. several stations/exercises performed in sequence with short rests, often mixing strength and endurance stimuli Correct answer.
  2. one continuous unbroken run at steady pace only
  3. a single maximal lift followed by a full day of rest only
  4. only partner stretching with no external load

Explanation

Zirkeltraining organises multiple Übungen as stations in a circuit with brief transitions - useful for Kraftausdauer and general Kondition when programmed carefully.

Question 33Energy systems and training principles

If recovery between hard sessions is chronically too short, the likely long-term outcome in the Superkompensationsmodell is...

  1. accumulation of fatigue and risk of Leistungsstagnation or Übertraining instead of progressive gains Correct answer.
  2. guaranteed faster supercompensation every time
  3. automatic increase of Maximalkraft without stimulus
  4. elimination of any need for Periodisierung

Explanation

Without adequate Erholung the organism never reaches the Überkompensationsphase; repeated premature loading stacks fatigue and can lead to Übertrainingssyndrom.

Question 34Energy systems and training principles

Aerobe Ausdauer training with the extensive Dauermethode primarily aims to improve...

  1. oxidative capacity and cardiovascular efficiency for prolonged submaximal work Correct answer.
  2. one-repetition maximum in the back squat only
  3. maximal alactic sprint speed over 10 m only
  4. maximal static flexibility overnight

Explanation

Extensive Dauerläufe / continuous work at moderate Intensität target mitochondrial and Herz-Kreislauf adaptations underlying aerobe Ausdauer.

Question 35Energy systems and training principles

Which statement best captures Spezifität (Prinzip der speziellen Belastung) in training?

  1. Adaptations are greatest in the systems and movement patterns actually overloaded by the training Correct answer.
  2. Any exercise improves every sport equally
  3. Only stretching improves endurance
  4. Competition rules forbid sport-specific practice

Explanation

Spezifität means the organism adapts specifically to the imposed demand - energy system, muscle groups, technique and speed of contraction - so transfer is greatest when training resembles the Zielbewegung.

Question 36Energy systems and training principles

A Mikrozyklus in Periodisierung most often corresponds to...

  1. a short planning unit of about one week that combines load and recovery days Correct answer.
  2. an entire Olympic quadrennial
  3. the flight phase of a jump only
  4. a single heartbeat interval

Explanation

Mikrozyklen are short cycles - commonly ~7 days - structuring the mix of hard, easy and regenerative units inside a Mesozyklus.

Question 37Energy systems and training principles

When comparing Belastung and Beanspruchung in Saxon Sporttheorie vocabulary, which statement is correct?

  1. Belastung is the external training demand; Beanspruchung is the organism's individual internal response to that demand Correct answer.
  2. The two terms are perfect synonyms with no distinction
  3. Beanspruchung is only the weight written in the training diary
  4. Belastung exists only in competition, never in training

Explanation

Saxon Lehrplan language distinguishes external Belastung from internal Beanspruchung - the same Belastung can produce different Beanspruchung across athletes (Individualität).

Question 38Energy systems and training principles

Intensive Intervallmethode for anaerobic endurance typically uses...

  1. relatively high Intensität intervals with incomplete recovery, accumulating high lactate Correct answer.
  2. only yoga breathing with no locomotion
  3. maximal lifts with 5–10 minutes full rest aimed solely at Maximalkraft
  4. continuous jogging below conversational pace for 2 hours only

Explanation

Intensive intervals are hard efforts with incomplete recovery, stressing glycolytic pathways and lactate tolerance - distinct from extensive intervals and from Wiederholungsmethode full-rest speed work.

Question 39Energy systems and training principles

Dehnen (stretching) in a Trainingslehre context is primarily aimed at improving...

  1. Beweglichkeit / range of motion and muscle-tendon compliance related to injury-risk management Correct answer.
  2. maximal alactic phosphagen power exclusively
  3. V̇O₂max more than any aerobic method
  4. team tactical cohesion

Explanation

Stretching methods target Beweglichkeit and tissue compliance; they are not primary drivers of V̇O₂max or phosphagen power, though programming must consider timing around maximal Kraft/Schnellkraft work.

Question 40Energy systems and training principles

A Mesozyklus that emphasises Aufbau of aerobe Grundlagen before a later Wettkampfpeak is an example of...

  1. planned Periodisierung of training goals across weeks/months Correct answer.
  2. random session order with no structure
  3. only acute fatigue management within one set
  4. replacing all training with competition

Explanation

Mesozyklen organise multi-week emphasis blocks (e.g. Grundlagenausdauer → spezieller Aufbau → Wettkampf) inside the Makrozyklus - core Periodisierung craft.

Question 41Energy systems and training principles

Which combination correctly orders the Superkompensationszyklus phases after a training Reiz?

  1. Belastung/Ermüdung → Erholung → Überkompensation → Rückkehr zum Ausgangsniveau (ohne neuen Reiz) Correct answer.
  2. Überkompensation → Belastung → dauerhafte Ermüdung → Wettkampf
  3. Erholung → maximale Ermüdung → sofortiger Wettkampfpeak ohne Reiz
  4. Rückkehr zum Ausgangsniveau → Belastung → keine Erholung nötig

Explanation

Canonical sequence: training load causes fatigue, recovery restores and then overshoots capacity; without a new timely Reiz, Leistungsfähigkeit drifts back toward baseline.

Question 42Mechanical analysis of movement

Hochmuth's Prinzip der Anfangskraft states that a high end velocity is facilitated when...

  1. the intended movement is preceded by a countermovement/Ausholen that is smoothly reversed, raising the Kraftstoß into the main action Correct answer.
  2. all preparatory movement is forbidden
  3. the athlete begins with zero muscle pretension and never uses a backswing
  4. only isometric holds without subsequent motion are used

Explanation

Anfangskraft: an opposing preparatory movement (Ausholen, knee dip) braked into the main action increases the force-time impulse and thus end speed - e.g. Speerwurf arm backswing.

Question 43Mechanical analysis of movement

Prinzip der Impulserhaltung (Drehimpuls) explains why a figure skater spins faster when...

  1. pulling the arms closer to the body reduces the moment of inertia so angular velocity rises (approx. L = Iω conserved in flight/spin without external torque) Correct answer.
  2. mass is created from nothing mid-spin
  3. gravity is switched off only for skaters
  4. blade friction must increase to infinity

Explanation

With angular momentum roughly conserved, decreasing I (arms in) increases ω - the textbook Hochmuth Impulserhaltung example.

Question 44Mechanical analysis of movement

Prinzip der Gegenwirkung (Hochmuth / Newton 3) in a flight phase implies that...

  1. moving one body part in one direction produces an opposite reaction in other parts / the rest of the system Correct answer.
  2. forces never occur in pairs
  3. only the arms can move; the torso is immune to reaction
  4. external air resistance is the only force that exists

Explanation

Action-reaction: limb movements in free flight redistribute rotation/position of the remaining body - crucial for Technikanalyse in jumps and twists.

Question 45Mechanical analysis of movement

Prinzip des optimalen Beschleunigungsweges emphasises that for high end speed one should...

  1. accelerate the implement/body over a suitably long path without violating anatomical or technical constraints Correct answer.
  2. always use the shortest possible path regardless of sport
  3. avoid any acceleration phase
  4. maximise path length even if it destroys balance and timing

Explanation

A longer effective acceleration path can raise end velocity, but Hochmuth stresses an optimum - constrained by anatomy, Technik and the need for stable force application.

Question 46Mechanical analysis of movement

Which contrast correctly distinguishes zyklische from azyklische Bewegungen?

  1. Zyklisch: same cycle repeats (e.g. running stride, swimming stroke); azyklisch: a discrete act with clear start/end (e.g. shot put, jump takeoff) Correct answer.
  2. Zyklisch means only team sports; azyklisch means only music
  3. Azyklisch movements cannot involve force
  4. Zyklisch movements never use legs

Explanation

Bewegungslehre classifies cyclic locomotion patterns versus acyclic single-act skills - foundational for Phasenanalyse and Techniktraining.

Question 47Mechanical analysis of movement

A Phasenstruktur analysis of a jump typically separates...

  1. preparatory, main and final/flight-landing phases with distinct technical tasks Correct answer.
  2. only the medal ceremony
  3. the sponsor logo colours
  4. the referee's biography

Explanation

Phasenanalysen break skills into functionally ordered phases (e.g. Anlauf – Absprung – Flug – Landung) to locate errors and apply biomechanical principles per phase.

Question 48Mechanical analysis of movement

Koordinative Fähigkeiten (Meinel/Schnabel tradition) include which set?

  1. e.g. Reactionsfähigkeit, Gleichgewichtsfähigkeit, Rhythmisierungsfähigkeit, räumliche Orientierungsfähigkeit, Umstellungsfähigkeit Correct answer.
  2. only V̇O₂max and haemoglobin mass
  3. only 1RM and body mass
  4. only club membership fees

Explanation

Koordinative Fähigkeiten describe informational control quality of movement - distinct from konditionelle Fähigkeiten (Kraft, Ausdauer, Schnelligkeit, Beweglichkeit).

Question 49Mechanical analysis of movement

In the Handlungsregulationsmodell, Analysatoren are important because they...

  1. take up sensory information that is processed to control and correct movement Correct answer.
  2. replace muscles as force generators
  3. are identical to Belastungsnormative
  4. only exist in written exams, not in real movement

Explanation

Saxon Sportmotorik links Informationsregulation to Analysatoren (sensory systems) feeding Handlungsregulation - perception → processing → motor output/correction.

Question 50Mechanical analysis of movement

Tucking the body tightly during a somersault primarily helps rotation by...

  1. reducing the moment of inertia about the rotation axis, increasing angular velocity for a given angular momentum Correct answer.
  2. increasing I so rotation must slow
  3. eliminating gravity
  4. removing the need for takeoff impulse

Explanation

Same Impulserhaltung logic as the skater: smaller I → higher ω, enabling more rotation before landing.