Hazard perception, vulnerable road users and defensive driving
What this domain tests
This domain tests whether you scan ahead, use mirrors and anticipate the mistakes of others while driving a large, slow combination. The exam focuses on cyclists, pedestrians, children, elderly people, horse riders, farm entrances and the blind spots and swept path of a tractor-trailer.
Seeing and being seen
Look far ahead and use both mirrors repeatedly. A tractor has blind spots beside and behind the cab, and a trailer blocks much of the rear view. Before turning, check the mirror and look directly into the blind spot. Signal early so other road users know your intention. At farm entrances and field exits, expect mud, slow vehicles and pedestrians.
Vulnerable road users
Give cyclists and pedestrians room. When overtaking a cyclist, leave a generous lateral distance, with 1.5 m as a guideline where possible, and more at higher speed. Do not overtake a cyclist just before a junction or bend. Children and elderly pedestrians may step out without looking. Horse riders need slow, quiet passing with plenty of space. At crossings, stop for pedestrians who are on or about to enter the crossing.
The trailer's swept path
A tractor turns tighter than its trailer. On a right turn, the trailer cuts inside the corner; on a left turn, the rear of the trailer swings out. Check for cyclists and pedestrians on the inside of the turn before moving. Do not cut the corner.
Worked example
You approach a right turn into a farm track. A cyclist is riding straight ahead on your right, close to the kerb. You have indicated right. Reasoning: the cyclist may be in your blind spot and may continue straight. Your trailer will cut across the cyclist's path if you turn early. The correct action is to slow down, let the cyclist clear the junction, and only then turn so the whole combination stays on the correct side. Do not overtake the cyclist and turn across them.
Traps that cost marks
- Relying only on mirrors and not checking the blind spot directly.
- Overtaking a cyclist too close or just before a junction.
- Cutting the corner so the trailer sweeps into the other lane.
- Assuming pedestrians have seen you because the tractor is noisy.
- Passing horses too fast or too close.