EASA A2 flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

A1 subcategory scope

Part of the 'open' category covering flights with UA of maximum take-off mass below 900 g, flown in visual line of sight and outside restricted zones, with no overflight of uninvolved people.

A1 online exam pass mark

The A1 online theoretical exam consists of 40 multiple-choice questions; a candidate must answer at least 30 correctly (75%) to pass and obtain the proof of completion.

A1 online training validity

Proof of completion of the A1 online training and exam is valid for 5 years from the date of issue; after expiry the training and exam must be repeated before further A1 flights.

A1 and A3 training equivalence

A valid A1 online training certificate is also accepted as proof of completion of the A3 online training, so an A1 holder does not need to repeat the A3 online course.

Who issues A1 certificate

The A1 online training and exam are administered by the national civil aviation authority or an entity designated by it; the resulting certificate is issued to the natural person who took the exam.

A1 no practical declaration

The A1 subcategory requires only online training and the online theoretical exam; no practical self-training declaration or additional practical test is required before flying in A1.

Carrying A1 proof

The remote pilot must be able to present proof of completion of the A1 online training and exam when requested by authorised authorities during an inspection or a ramp check.

A1 certificate non-transferable

The A1 certificate of competency is personal to the remote pilot who passed the exam and cannot be transferred to another person or to a legal entity such as an operator company.

A2 30 m rule

In the A2 subcategory the UA must be kept at a horizontal distance of at least 30 m from any uninvolved person, and uninvolved people must never be overflown.

A2 5 m low-speed rule

The 30 m distance may be reduced to no less than 5 m only when the UA's low-speed function is active, limiting maximum ground speed to 3 m/s for the whole period.

A2 120 m AGL limit

A2 flights must stay below 120 m above the surface, measured from the closest point of the earth beneath the UA; the limit applies to all 'open' category flights.

120 m obstacle exception

The 120 m limit may be exceeded when flying over an obstacle, provided the UA stays within 15 m of the obstacle's closest point and the obstacle is not in a restricted zone.

A2 no overflight rule

A2 operations must never overfly uninvolved people; the 30 m or 5 m horizontal distance is a minimum separation, not a permission to pass above people.

A2 VLOS requirement

A2 flights must remain in visual line of sight of the remote pilot without aids other than corrective lenses; FPV goggles alone do not satisfy VLOS unless a separate observer keeps direct visual contact.

Crowd prohibition A2

A2 flights must not be conducted where uninvolved people are present in such numbers that they could be overflown at any time, even if the nominal 30 m distance is maintained.

A2 certificate requirement

A2 operations require the remote pilot to hold an A2 certificate of competency, obtained after passing the A2 theoretical exam and submitting the practical self-training declaration.

C2 maximum mass

C2 class UA have a maximum take-off mass below 4 kg and are intended for A2 operations close to people, but never overflying uninvolved people.

C2 low-speed function

C2 class UA must provide a low-speed function that, when selected, limits maximum ground speed to 3 m/s and enables the reduced 5 m separation distance in A2.

C2 height limitation

C2 class UA must be able to limit their height to 120 m above the surface, either by a fixed setting or by a function selectable by the remote pilot.

C2 class marking

C2 class UA must carry a permanent, legible class identification label on the airframe and be covered by the manufacturer's EU declaration of conformity under Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/945.

C2 remote ID requirement

C2 class UA must have a remote identification system that broadcasts the operator registration number and UA position and cannot be modified or disabled by the user.

Operator registration obligation

Operators of UA in the 'open' category, including C2, must register with the national CAA and obtain an operator registration number, except for toys below 250 g with no camera or data-collecting capability.

Displaying registration number

The operator registration number must be displayed on the UA so it is readable without tools and, where a remote identification system is fitted, must also be loaded into that system.

Registration renewal

Operator registration is valid for a period set by the national CAA, commonly 1 to 5 years; the operator must renew it before expiry and update the recorded data when it changes.

C2 in open category

C2 class UA are operated in the 'open' category under subcategory A2; they do not require a specific category authorisation but do require an A2 certificate and operator registration.

A2 practical self-training

The A2 practical self-training requires at least 2 hours of flight in the A2 context, covering hovering, turns, approach, landing and emergency procedures as listed in the A2 syllabus.

Self-training declaration nature

The practical self-training declaration is a self-declaration signed by the remote pilot attesting to the training flights; the national CAA may request evidence of the flights.

A2 certificate validity

The A2 certificate of competency, issued after passing the theoretical exam and submitting the practical self-training declaration, is valid for 5 years from the date of issue.

Remote ID in open category

Remote identification must be active during all 'open' category flights, including A2 and C2 operations, and must transmit the operator registration number to authorised authorities.

Remote ID broadcast data

Remote identification broadcasts at minimum the UA position, altitude, ground speed and the operator registration number, and the data must be accessible to authorised authorities.

Direct vs network remote ID

Direct remote identification uses a wireless broadcast from the UA; network remote identification uses an internet connection to a database; both may coexist on the same UA.

Remote ID failure rule

A UA without a functioning remote identification system must not be flown in the 'open' category where remote ID is required; the operator must verify the system before take-off.