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Estonian Language Proficiency Examination B2 study materials
Estonian Language Proficiency Examination B2 study resources

Estonian Language Proficiency Examination B2 practice questions

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Question 1Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (täisminevik). (Choose the correct form - perfect tense.) 'Ta ______ juba oma kodutöö.' (He/she has already done his/her homework.) [tegema – to do]

  1. on teinud (has done) Correct answer.
  2. tegi (did)
  3. teeb (does)
  4. tegema (to do)

Explanation

The perfect tense (täisminevik) is formed with the present tense of 'olema' plus the -nud participle: 'on teinud' (has done). The adverb 'juba' (already) is a typical trigger for the perfect tense, linking a past action to its present relevance.

Question 2Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (enneminevik). (Choose the correct form - pluperfect tense.) 'Kui ma kohale jõudsin, oli koosolek juba ______.' (When I arrived, the meeting had already ended.) [lõppema – to end]

  1. lõppenud (ended - past participle) Correct answer.
  2. lõppes (ended - simple past)
  3. lõpeb (ends - present)
  4. lõppemas (in the process of ending)

Explanation

The pluperfect (enneminevik) uses the past tense of 'olema' plus the -nud participle: 'oli...lõppenud' (had ended), showing that the meeting's end happened before the speaker's arrival, an earlier point in the past relative to another past event.

Question 3Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (umbisikuline tegumood). (Choose the correct form - impersonal/passive voice.) 'Uus seadus ______ järgmisel aastal.' (The new law will be implemented next year.) [rakendama – to implement]

  1. rakendatakse (is/will be implemented) Correct answer.
  2. rakendab (implements)
  3. rakendasime (we implemented)
  4. rakendanud (implemented - participle)

Explanation

The impersonal/passive voice (umbisikuline tegumood) is formed with the -takse/-dakse ending in the present tense and is used when the agent performing the action is unspecified or unimportant - very common in laws, regulations, and news: 'seadus rakendatakse' (the law is/will be put into effect).

Question 4Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (tud-kesksõna omadussõnana). (Choose the correct form - tud-participle used as an adjective.) 'Lauale jäi ______ raamat.' (A closed book was left on the table.) [sulgema – to close]

  1. suletud (closed) Correct answer.
  2. sulgeb (closes)
  3. sulges (closed - simple past)
  4. sulgemine (the closing)

Explanation

The -tud/-dud past passive participle can function as an ordinary adjective describing the resulting state of the noun it modifies: 'suletud raamat' means 'a closed book', formed from 'sulgema' with consonant gradation (sulge- → sule-) plus '-tud'.

Question 5Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (des-vorm). (Choose the correct form - the -des converb.) 'Kodust välja ______, unustasin ma võtmed lauale.' (While going out of the house, I forgot the keys on the table.) [minema – to go]

  1. minnes (while going) Correct answer.
  2. läks (went)
  3. minema (to go)
  4. läinud (gone - participle)

Explanation

The -des converb (gerund) expresses an action happening at the same time as the main clause's action, roughly 'while/when doing X'. 'Minnes', from 'minema', describes going out of the house as simultaneous with forgetting the keys.

Question 6Estonian writing, register and argument

When writing a formal email to an official you do not know personally, which form of address is appropriate?

  1. teie (polite/formal "you") Correct answer.
  2. sina (informal "you")
  3. sa (casual short form)
  4. Using no pronoun and only first names

Explanation

"Teie" is the formal/polite second-person form used with strangers, officials and in formal writing, and is conventionally capitalized as "Teie" within the letter itself.

Question 7Estonian writing, register and argument

Which linking word best connects these two clauses to show a logical result: "Buss jäi hiljaks, ___ ma pidin taksot kutsuma." ("The bus was late, ___ I had to call a taxi.")

  1. seetõttu Correct answer.
  2. kuigi
  3. näiteks
  4. teisisõnu

Explanation

"Seetõttu" (therefore/as a result) signals a cause-effect relationship, correctly linking the late bus to the need to call a taxi.

Question 8Estonian writing, register and argument

Which word best fits to add a further supporting point: "Programm on korralikult koostatud. ___, seda juhendab kogenud spetsialist." ("The program is well designed. ___, it's guided by an experienced specialist.")

  1. Lisaks Correct answer.
  2. Vastupidi
  3. Kuid
  4. Selle asemel

Explanation

"Lisaks" (In addition/Furthermore) adds a supporting point, fitting the additive relationship between the two sentences, which both praise the program.

Question 9Estonian writing, register and argument

Which opening sentence is appropriate for a formal written complaint to a company?

  1. Pöördun Teie poole seoses ... probleemiga. Correct answer.
  2. Kuulge, teie firma on jama!
  3. Tere vend, kuula mida ma sulle räägin.
  4. Aitäh kõige eest, kõik on suurepärane!

Explanation

"Pöördun Teie poole seoses ..." (I am writing to you regarding...) is a standard, neutral, formal opening for a written complaint, using the capitalized formal "Teie".

Question 10Estonian grammar and language awareness

Muutke otsekõne kaudseks kõneks. (Change direct speech to reported/indirect speech.) Otsekõne: 'Ma tulen homme koosolekule,' ütles Mari. (Direct speech: 'I will come to the meeting tomorrow,' said Mari.) Kaudne kõne: Mari ütles, et ta homme koosolekule ______. (Reported speech: Mari said that she would come to the meeting tomorrow.)

  1. tuleb (comes/will come - present tense) Correct answer.
  2. tulla (to come - infinitive)
  3. tulnud (come - past participle)
  4. tuli (came - simple past)

Explanation

Unlike English, Estonian reported statements do not shift tense: the original present-tense form used to express near-future ('tulen') is simply embedded inside an 'et' (that) clause, becoming 'et ta...tuleb' - keeping the same tense as the direct speech.

Question 11Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (kaudne kõneviis). (Choose the correct form - oblique/reported mood.) Ajakirjanduses: Minister teatas, et olukord piiril ______ kontrolli all. (In the press: The minister stated that the situation at the border is [allegedly] under control.) [olema – to be]

  1. olevat (is, allegedly - oblique mood) Correct answer.
  2. on (is - indicative)
  3. oleks (would be - conditional)
  4. olnud (been - past participle)

Explanation

The kaudne kõneviis (oblique/reported mood), formed here with '-vat', is used especially in news writing to relay someone else's claim without the writer vouching for it; 'olevat' conveys 'is said to be / allegedly is', distancing the reporter from the minister's statement.

Question 12Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (verbi rektsioon). (Choose the correct form - verb case government.) 'Otsuse tulemus sõltub suuresti ______.' (The outcome of the decision depends greatly on the circumstances.) [asjaolud – circumstances]

  1. asjaoludest (from/on the circumstances - elative plural) Correct answer.
  2. asjaolusid (circumstances - partitive plural)
  3. asjaoludele (to the circumstances - allative plural)
  4. asjaoludega (with the circumstances - comitative plural)

Explanation

The verb 'sõltuma' (to depend) governs the seestütlev (elative, '-st') case regardless of the English preposition 'on': 'sõltuma millest' literally means 'to depend from what'. 'Asjaoludest' is the elative plural of 'asjaolu' (circumstance).

Question 13Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (kaassõna rektsioon). (Choose the correct form - postposition case government.) 'Tänu ______ õnnestus meil projekt õigeaegselt lõpetada.' (Thanks to good preparation, we managed to finish the project on time.) [hea ettevalmistus – good preparation]

  1. heale ettevalmistusele (allative - governed by 'tänu') Correct answer.
  2. head ettevalmistust (partitive)
  3. hea ettevalmistuse (genitive)
  4. heast ettevalmistusest (elative)

Explanation

The postposition 'tänu' (thanks to) governs the alaleütlev (allative, '-le') case: 'tänu heale ettevalmistusele' literally means 'thanks to good preparation', with both the adjective 'hea' and the noun 'ettevalmistus' taking matching allative endings.

Question 14Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige sidesõna. (Choose the correct conjunction.) '______ ilm oli halb, otsustasime matkale minna.' (Although the weather was bad, we decided to go on the hike.)

  1. Kuigi (Although) Correct answer.
  2. Seetõttu (Therefore)
  3. Kuna (Because/since)
  4. Ehk (Or/perhaps)

Explanation

'Kuigi' introduces a concessive clause (although/even though), signalling a contrast between the bad weather and the decision to hike anyway - exactly the relationship expressed in this sentence.

Question 15Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (umbisikuline tegumood, minevik). (Choose the correct form - impersonal voice, past tense.) 'Koosolekul ______ mitmeid olulisi otsuseid.' (At the meeting, several important decisions were made.) [tegema – to do/make]

  1. tehti (were made - impersonal past) Correct answer.
  2. tegime (we made - active past)
  3. teeb (makes - active present)
  4. tehakse (is made - impersonal present)

Explanation

The impersonal past (umbisikulise tegumoe minevik) is formed with the '-ti/-di' ending: 'tehti' means 'was done/were made', used when the agent performing the action is left unspecified - typical of meeting minutes and reports.

Question 16Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (nud-kesksõna omadussõnana). (Choose the correct form - nud-participle used as an adjective.) '______ aken lasi tuppa külma õhku sisse.' (The broken window let cold air into the room.) [purunema – to break/shatter]

  1. Purunenud (broken - nud-participle) Correct answer.
  2. Puruneb (breaks - present)
  3. Purunes (broke - simple past)
  4. Purunemine (the breaking - noun)

Explanation

For intransitive verbs like 'purunema', the '-nud' participle (rather than '-tud', used with transitive verbs) functions as an ordinary adjective describing a resulting state: 'purunenud aken' means 'a broken window', i.e. a window in the state of having broken.

Question 17Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige sidesõna. (Choose the correct conjunction.) '______ ilmateade lubas vihma, võtsime vihmavarjud kaasa.' (Since the weather forecast predicted rain, we brought umbrellas.)

  1. Kuna (since/because - can open a sentence with a causal clause) Correct answer.
  2. Sest (because - conventionally follows the main clause rather than opening the sentence)
  3. Seetõttu (therefore - marks a result, not a cause)
  4. Kuigi (although - marks concession, not cause)

Explanation

'Kuna' can head a subordinate causal clause placed before the main clause ('Kuna X, Y' = 'Since X, Y'), a standard formal-register pattern in Estonian.

Question 18Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (eitav täisminevik). (Choose the correct form - negative perfect tense.) 'Ma ei ______ seda kirja veel saatnud.' (I have not sent that letter yet.) [saatma – to send]

  1. ole (have not - negative auxiliary) Correct answer.
  2. olen (have - affirmative)
  3. olin (had - pluperfect affirmative)
  4. oleks (would have - conditional)

Explanation

The negative perfect tense uses 'ei ole' plus the '-nud' participle for every person: 'Ma ei ole saatnud' (I have not sent). After 'ei', the auxiliary 'olema' drops its personal ending and takes the bare negative form 'ole'.

Question 19Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (verbi rektsioon). (Choose the correct form - verb case government.) 'Ta huvitub väga ______.' (He/she is very interested in modern art.) [kaasaegne kunst – modern art]

  1. kaasaegsest kunstist (elative - governed by 'huvituma') Correct answer.
  2. kaasaegset kunsti (partitive)
  3. kaasaegse kunsti (genitive)
  4. kaasaegsele kunstile (allative)

Explanation

The verb 'huvituma' (to be interested in) governs the seestütlev (elative, '-st') case: 'huvituma millest', literally 'to be interested from something'. 'Kaasaegsest kunstist' is the elative singular of 'kaasaegne kunst' (modern art), with both the adjective and noun taking matching endings.

Question 20Estonian grammar and language awareness

Muutke otsene küsimus kaudseks. (Change the direct question into an indirect one.) Otsene küsimus: 'Kas sa tuled homme?' küsis ta. (Direct question: 'Are you coming tomorrow?' he/she asked.) Kaudne küsimus: Ta küsis, ______ ma homme tulen. (Indirect question: He/she asked whether I am coming tomorrow.)

  1. kas (whether/if) Correct answer.
  2. et (that)
  3. kui (when/if - conditional/temporal)
  4. mis (what)

Explanation

A yes/no direct question introduced by 'kas' becomes an indirect question introduced by the same word 'kas' (whether/if) in the embedded clause: 'Ta küsis, kas ma homme tulen.'

Question 21Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (eitav enneminevik). (Choose the correct form - negative pluperfect tense.) 'Kui õpetaja küsimuse esitas, ______ Peeter õppetükki veel läbi lugenud.' (When the teacher asked the question, Peeter had not yet read through the lesson.) [lugema – to read]

  1. ei olnud (had not - negative pluperfect auxiliary) Correct answer.
  2. ei ole (has not - negative perfect)
  3. ei olevat (allegedly is not - oblique mood)
  4. poleks (would not have - negative conditional)

Explanation

The negative pluperfect combines 'ei' with the past-tense auxiliary form 'olnud' (invariant for every person) plus the main verb's '-nud' participle: 'ei olnud...lugenud' (had not read). This matches the past reference point set by 'kui õpetaja küsimuse esitas' (when the teacher asked).

Question 22Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (kaassõna rektsioon). (Choose the correct form - preposition case government.) 'Vastavalt ______ peab iga taotleja esitama täiendavad dokumendid.' (According to the new requirements, every applicant must submit additional documents.) [uued nõuded – new requirements]

  1. uutele nõuetele (allative - governed by 'vastavalt') Correct answer.
  2. uued nõuded (nominative)
  3. uutest nõuetest (elative)
  4. uute nõuete (genitive)

Explanation

'Vastavalt' (according to) functions as a preposition placed before the noun and governs the alaleütlev (allative, '-le') case: 'vastavalt uutele nõuetele' means 'according to the new requirements'.

Question 23Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (ülivõrre kõrvallauses). (Choose the correct form - superlative in a subordinate clause.) 'Ta valis lahenduse, mis oli kõikidest võimalustest ______.' (He/she chose the solution that was the best of all the options.) [hea – good]

  1. parim (the best - irregular superlative) Correct answer.
  2. parem (better - comparative)
  3. hea (good - positive)
  4. paremaid (better ones - partitive plural comparative)

Explanation

'Hea' is irregular: its comparative is 'parem' and its superlative is 'parim'. Because the relative clause ranks the solution against 'kõikidest võimalustest' (of all the options) - an entire set, not just one other item - the superlative 'parim' is required rather than the two-way comparative.

Question 24Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige sidesõna. (Choose the correct conjunction.) '______ tulemused olid oodatust kehvemad, otsustas juhtkond projekti jätkata.' (Even though the results were worse than expected, management decided to continue the project.)

  1. Ehkki (Even though - formal/literary concessive conjunction) Correct answer.
  2. Seetõttu (Therefore)
  3. Kuna (Because/since)
  4. Niipea kui (As soon as)

Explanation

'Ehkki' is a more formal, literary synonym of 'kuigi' (although), introducing a concessive clause: the expected consequence (stopping the project) does not follow, since management continued despite worse-than-expected results.

Question 25Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (umbisikuline tegumood, olevik). (Choose the correct form - impersonal voice, present tense.) 'Pood ______ pühapäeviti kell 10.' (The shop is opened on Sundays at 10.) [avama – to open]

  1. avatakse (is opened - impersonal present) Correct answer.
  2. avab (opens - active)
  3. avati (was opened - impersonal past)
  4. avanud (opened - participle)

Explanation

The impersonal present, formed with '-takse/-dakse', is standard in notices and opening-hours signs where no specific agent is named: 'avatakse' means 'is opened', referring to the shop being opened by unspecified staff.

Question 26Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (tud-kesksõna omadussõnana). (Choose the correct form - tud-participle used as an adjective.) 'Poest sai osta ainult värskelt ______ leiba.' (At the shop you could only buy freshly baked bread.) [küpsetama – to bake]

  1. küpsetatud (baked - tud-participle) Correct answer.
  2. küpsetab (bakes - present)
  3. küpsetas (baked - simple past)
  4. küpsetamine (the baking - noun)

Explanation

The '-tud' past passive participle functions as an ordinary adjective describing a resulting state: 'küpsetatud leiba' means '(freshly) baked bread', bread in the state of having been baked.

Question 27Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (verbi rektsioon). (Choose the correct form - verb case government.) 'Tema tulemused ei vasta ______.' (His/her results do not correspond to the requirements.) [nõuded – requirements]

  1. nõuetele (allative - governed by 'vastama') Correct answer.
  2. nõudeid (partitive)
  3. nõuete (genitive)
  4. nõuetest (elative)

Explanation

The verb 'vastama' (to correspond to/answer) governs the alaleütlev (allative, '-le') case: 'vastama millele' - his/her results correspond (or fail to correspond) to the requirements. 'Nõuetele' is the allative plural of 'nõue' (requirement).

Question 28Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (mata-vorm). (Choose the correct form - the -mata infinitive.) 'Ta lahkus koosolekult midagi ______.' (He/she left the meeting without saying anything.) [ütlema – to say]

  1. ütlemata (without saying - mata-infinitive) Correct answer.
  2. ütlemas (in the process of saying - mas-form)
  3. öelnud (said - participle)
  4. ütles (said - simple past)

Explanation

The '-mata' infinitive (caritive/abessive) expresses that an action was NOT performed, roughly 'without doing X': 'midagi ütlemata' means 'without saying anything', pairing naturally with a verb of leaving to show an action that did not accompany it.

Question 29Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige asesõna. (Choose the correct pronoun.) 'See on õpetaja, ______ mind eesti keelt õpetas.' (This is the teacher who taught me Estonian.)

  1. kes (who - used for people) Correct answer.
  2. mis (which/that - used for things/animals)
  3. kus (where)
  4. mille (of which - genitive of 'mis')

Explanation

The relative pronoun 'kes' (who) refers back to people, while 'mis' (which/that) refers to things, animals, or abstract concepts; since 'õpetaja' (teacher) is a person, 'kes' is the required relative pronoun.

Question 30Estonian grammar and language awareness

Muutke otsekõne kaudseks kõneks. (Change direct speech into reported speech.) Otsekõne: 'Ma nägin seda filmi eile,' ütles Tiina. (Direct speech: 'I saw that film yesterday,' said Tiina.) Kaudne kõne: Tiina ütles, et ta ______ seda filmi eile. (Reported speech: Tiina said that she saw that film yesterday.)

  1. nägi (saw - simple past) Correct answer.
  2. näeb (sees - present)
  3. näinud (seen - participle, without auxiliary)
  4. nägema (to see - infinitive)

Explanation

Estonian reported statements keep the original tense inside the 'et' clause without any English-style backshift: the first-person simple past 'nägin' becomes the third-person simple past 'nägi' in the reported version, preserving the same tense as the direct speech.

Question 31Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (des-vorm). (Choose the correct form - the -des converb.) '______ tänaval, kohtasin ma vana sõpra.' (While walking on the street, I met an old friend.) [jalutama – to walk]

  1. Jalutades (while walking) Correct answer.
  2. Jalutasin (I walked - simple past)
  3. Jalutama (to walk - infinitive)
  4. Jalutanud (walked - participle)

Explanation

The -des converb expresses an action simultaneous with the main clause's action: 'Jalutades tänaval' (while walking on the street) describes what was happening at the same moment as meeting the old friend.

Question 32Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (võrdlev konstruktsioon 'mida...seda'). (Choose the correct form - the 'mida...seda' comparative construction.) 'Mida rohkem ma harjutasin, ______ paremaks mu hääldus muutus.' (The more I practiced, the better my pronunciation became.)

  1. seda (the [more/better] - correlative pair with 'mida') Correct answer.
  2. siis (then)
  3. nii (so/thus)
  4. veel (still/more)

Explanation

The correlative construction 'mida...seda' links two comparative clauses to express proportional change: 'mida rohkem..., seda paremaks...' means 'the more..., the better...'. 'Seda' is the fixed second half of this fixed pair.

Question 33Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige sidesõna. (Choose the correct conjunction.) 'Ettevõte kaotas oma suurima kliendi, ______ pidi ta koondama kümme töötajat.' (The company lost its biggest client, therefore it had to lay off ten employees.)

  1. seetõttu (therefore - marks result) Correct answer.
  2. kuigi (although - marks concession)
  3. kuna (because/since - marks cause, would reverse the intended logic here)
  4. ehkki (even though - marks concession)

Explanation

'Seetõttu' (therefore/for that reason) links a cause in one clause to its result in the next: losing the biggest client (cause) led to the layoffs (result), exactly the relationship in this sentence.

Question 34Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (umbisikuline eitav kõneviis). (Choose the correct form - impersonal negative present.) 'Seda toodet enam ei ______.' (This product is no longer produced.) [tootma – to produce]

  1. toodeta (impersonal negative present - connegative form) Correct answer.
  2. toodetakse (impersonal affirmative present)
  3. tootnud (produced - participle)
  4. toodab (produces - active)

Explanation

The impersonal (umbisikuline) present has a special negative connegative form ending in '-ta/-da', distinct from the affirmative '-takse/-dakse' ending: 'toodetakse' (is produced) becomes 'ei toodeta' (is not produced) after 'ei', with the '-kse' dropped - a genuinely advanced B2/C1 rule.

Question 35Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (enneminevik, mitmus). (Choose the correct form - pluperfect tense, plural.) 'Kui buss lõpuks saabus, ______ reisijad juba kaua aega oodanud.' (When the bus finally arrived, the passengers had already been waiting for a long time.) [ootama – to wait]

  1. olid oodanud (had waited - pluperfect, plural) Correct answer.
  2. ootasid (waited - simple past, plural)
  3. ootavad (wait - present, plural)
  4. oodates (while waiting - converb)

Explanation

The pluperfect plural combines 'olid' (past plural of 'olema') with the '-nud' participle: 'olid oodanud' (had waited), marking that the waiting had already been going on before the bus arrived - an earlier point relative to another past event, reinforced by 'juba kaua aega' (already for a long time).

Question 36Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (kaassõna rektsioon). (Choose the correct form - postposition case government.) 'Ta tunneb suurt huvi ______ vastu.' (He/she has a great interest in modern architecture.) [kaasaegne arhitektuur – modern architecture]

  1. kaasaegse arhitektuuri (genitive - governed by 'vastu') Correct answer.
  2. kaasaegset arhitektuuri (partitive)
  3. kaasaegsele arhitektuurile (allative)
  4. kaasaegsest arhitektuurist (elative)

Explanation

The fixed expression 'huvi tundma mille vastu' (to feel interest in/towards something) uses the postposition 'vastu' (towards), which governs the omastav (genitive) case: 'kaasaegse arhitektuuri' is the genitive singular of 'kaasaegne arhitektuur' (modern architecture).

Question 37Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (kaassõna rektsioon). (Choose the correct form - postposition case government.) '______ läksime matkama.' (Despite the bad weather, we went hiking.) [halb ilm – bad weather]

  1. Hoolimata halvast ilmast (elative - governed by 'hoolimata') Correct answer.
  2. Hoolimata halba ilma (partitive)
  3. Hoolimata halvale ilmale (allative)
  4. Hoolimata halva ilma (genitive)

Explanation

The postposition 'hoolimata' (despite/regardless of) governs the seestütlev (elative, '-st') case: 'hoolimata millest', literally 'regardless from what'. Both the adjective 'halb' and the noun 'ilm' take matching elative endings in 'halvast ilmast'.

Question 38Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (umbisikuline minevik, eitav). (Choose the correct form - impersonal past tense, negative.) 'Koosolekul eile ______ midagi uut otsustatud.' (At the meeting yesterday, nothing new was decided.) [otsustama – to decide]

  1. ei otsustatud (was not decided - impersonal past negative) Correct answer.
  2. ei otsustati (incorrect - keeps the affirmative past ending after 'ei')
  3. ei otsusta (impersonal present negative - wrong tense)
  4. otsustati (was decided - impersonal past affirmative)

Explanation

The impersonal past has the affirmative ending '-ti/-di' ('otsustati' = was decided), but its negative uses 'ei' plus the '-tud' participle instead: 'ei otsustatud' (was not decided) - a distinct pattern from the negative present, which uses 'ei' plus '-ta/-da' ('ei otsustata').

Question 39Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige sidesõna. (Choose the correct conjunction.) 'Ma jään kontorisse, ______ projekt on valmis.' (I will stay at the office until the project is finished.)

  1. kuni (until) Correct answer.
  2. niipea kui (as soon as)
  3. enne kui (before)
  4. samal ajal kui (while/at the same time as)

Explanation

'Kuni' (until) introduces a temporal clause marking the endpoint of an ongoing action: staying at the office continues up to the point the project is finished.

Question 40Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (täisminevik vs enneminevik). (Choose the correct form - perfect vs pluperfect tense.) Kontekst: Täna on esmaspäev. Mari räägib oma nädalavahetusest: 'Laupäeval käisime kinos. Selleks ajaks ______ me juba terve päeva linnas ringi jalutanud.' (By that time, we had already walked around the city all day.) [jalutama – to walk]

  1. olime jalutanud (had walked - pluperfect) Correct answer.
  2. oleme jalutanud (have walked - perfect)
  3. jalutasime (walked - simple past)
  4. jalutame (walk - present)

Explanation

The whole narrative is set in the past ('Laupäeval käisime kinos' - we went to the cinema on Saturday), and the walking happened even earlier within that past, signalled by 'selleks ajaks' (by that time); this earlier-past-within-a-past relationship requires the pluperfect 'olime jalutanud'.

Question 41Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (umbisikuline tegumood, olevik). (Choose the correct form - impersonal voice, present tense.) Sildil: 'Vabandage, siin ______ katust.' (Sign: 'Sorry, the roof is being repaired here.') [remontima – to repair]

  1. remonditakse (is being repaired - impersonal present) Correct answer.
  2. remondib (repairs - personal present)
  3. remonditi (was repaired - impersonal past)
  4. remontima (to repair - infinitive)

Explanation

The impersonal present ('-takse/-dakse') is standard on notices where the workers doing the repair are unnamed: 'remonditakse' means 'is being repaired', focusing on the ongoing work rather than who is doing it.

Question 42Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (des-vorm). (Choose the correct form - the -des converb.) '______ kohvi, luges ta hommikust ajalehte.' (While drinking coffee, he/she read the morning newspaper.) [jooma – to drink]

  1. Juues (while drinking) Correct answer.
  2. Jõin (I drank - simple past)
  3. Jooma (to drink - infinitive)
  4. Joonud (drunk - participle)

Explanation

The -des converb expresses an action happening at the same time as the main clause's action: 'Juues kohvi' (while drinking coffee) describes what was happening simultaneously with reading the newspaper.

Question 43Estonian grammar and language awareness

Muutke otsene küsimus kaudseks. (Change the direct question into an indirect one.) Otsekõne: 'Millal koosolek algab?' küsis Mari. (Direct speech: 'When does the meeting start?' asked Mari.) Kaudne kõne: Mari küsis, ______ koosolek algab. (Reported speech: Mari asked when the meeting starts.)

  1. millal (when) Correct answer.
  2. kas (whether/if)
  3. et (that)
  4. kui (if/when - conditional/temporal)

Explanation

A wh-question keeps its original question word when embedded as an indirect question: 'millal' (when) stays 'millal' in the reported clause, 'Mari küsis, millal koosolek algab.'

Question 44Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige sidesõna (paariline konstruktsioon). (Choose the correct conjunction - correlative construction.) 'Uus reform mõjutab ______ era- kui ka avalikku sektorit.' (The new reform affects both the private and the public sector.)

  1. nii (both - pairs with 'kui ka') Correct answer.
  2. nagu (like/as)
  3. kas (either - pairs with 'või', not 'kui ka')
  4. mitte (not - would need to pair with 'vaid')

Explanation

The correlative pair 'nii...kui ka' means 'both...and': 'nii era- kui ka avalikku sektorit' means 'both the private and the public sector'. 'Nii' is the fixed first half of this pair.

Question 45Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (verbi rektsioon). (Choose the correct form - verb case government.) 'Projekti lõpetamiseks vajame veel ______.' (To finish the project, we still need more time.) [aeg – time]

  1. aega (partitive - governed by 'vajama') Correct answer.
  2. aeg (nominative)
  3. ajale (allative)
  4. ajast (elative)

Explanation

The verb 'vajama' (to need) governs the osastav (partitive) case for its object: 'vajama mida' - 'aega' is the partitive singular of 'aeg' (time).

Question 46Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (omadussõna rektsioon). (Choose the correct form - adjective case government.) 'See info on ______ vajalik.' (This information is necessary for all employees.) [kõik töötajad – all employees]

  1. kõikidele töötajatele (allative - governed by 'vajalik') Correct answer.
  2. kõiki töötajaid (partitive)
  3. kõikide töötajate (genitive)
  4. kõikidest töötajatest (elative)

Explanation

The adjective 'vajalik' (necessary) takes its 'for whom' complement in the alaleütlev (allative, '-le') case: 'kellele on vajalik' - 'kõikidele töötajatele' is the allative plural of 'kõik töötajad' (all employees).

Question 47Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (nud-kesksõna omadussõnana). (Choose the correct form - nud-participle used as an adjective.) 'Politsei otsib ______ poissi.' (The police are searching for the missing boy.) [kaduma – to disappear/go missing]

  1. kadunud (missing/gone - nud-participle) Correct answer.
  2. kaob (disappears - present)
  3. kadus (disappeared - simple past)
  4. kadumine (disappearance - noun)

Explanation

The '-nud' participle of the intransitive verb 'kaduma' functions as an ordinary adjective describing the boy's current state: 'kadunud poiss' means 'the missing boy', i.e. a boy in the state of having disappeared.

Question 48Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (ülivõrre). (Choose the correct form - superlative degree.) 'See on ______ lahendus, mida ma iial näinud olen.' (This is the most complicated solution I have ever seen.) [keeruline – complicated]

  1. kõige keerulisem (periphrastic superlative - 'kõige' + comparative) Correct answer.
  2. keerulisem (comparative alone - missing the superlative marker)
  3. keeruline (complicated - positive degree)
  4. kõige keerulisim (non-standard double marking)

Explanation

Estonian normally forms the superlative periphrastically, with 'kõige' plus the comparative degree: 'kõige keerulisem' means 'the most complicated'. This is the safe, general way to form a superlative for regular adjectives like 'keeruline', which lacks a common synthetic '-im' superlative.

Question 49Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (umbisikuline tegumood ametlikus teates). (Choose the correct form - impersonal voice in a formal notice.) Sildil: '______ uks alati sulgeda.' (Sign: 'Please always close the door.') [paluma – to request/ask]

  1. Palutakse (is requested/please - impersonal present) Correct answer.
  2. Palume (we request - active, 1st person plural)
  3. Palub (requests - active, 3rd person singular)
  4. Paluti (was requested - impersonal past)

Explanation

Formal notices commonly use the impersonal present 'palutakse' plus a da-infinitive to phrase polite general requests without naming who is asking: 'Palutakse uks alati sulgeda' means '(please) always close the door'.

Question 50Estonian grammar and language awareness

Valige õige vorm (täisminevik). (Choose the correct form - present perfect.) 'Ma ______ juba selle raamatu läbi lugenud.' (I have already read this book.) [lugema – to read]

  1. olen (present-tense auxiliary - 'olen lugenud') Correct answer.
  2. olin (past-tense auxiliary - would form the pluperfect)
  3. oleks (conditional auxiliary - would form a hypothetical)
  4. olla (bare infinitive - not a finite form)

Explanation

The present perfect (täisminevik) is formed with the present tense of 'olema' (to be) plus the -nud participle; for 'mina' (I) the auxiliary is 'olen', giving 'olen lugenud' (have read).