Estonian Upper-Secondary Estonian (Native Language) Exam key terms

A grammatical case marking a relationship within a construction, interpreted through the governing word and whole sentence.

The nominative case, associated with several constructions including many subjects and some total objects, not one universal function alone.

The genitive case, used in possession-related and other constructions, including some total-object patterns governed by sentence structure.

The partitive case, important in object and quantity constructions, whose choice depends on the actual verb and syntax.

The adessive case illustrated by laual, with functions that can extend beyond literal location according to construction.

The allative case illustrated by lauale and recipient expressions such as Marile, interpreted through the actual sentence.

An object dependent on a verb or construction, whose Estonian case cannot be selected simply from an English tense.

Negation expressed through relevant negative constructions, requiring attention to main-verb form and associated case patterns.

The requirement a governing word places on the form of its dependent expression, including case and infinitive choice.

A word stem that can vary across inflected forms, making dictionary recognition and constructional checking necessary.

The central subject of a text, distinguished from an isolated detail or a reader’s preferred moral conclusion.

A claim whose meaning and scope should be established from the actual passage and its supporting argument.

A conclusion supported by reasons or textual evidence, distinguished from an explicit statement or invented background story.

A reference connecting an expression or source claim to its actual referent or location, not an invented mark of authority.

The voice presenting a narrative, distinguished from the real author and other represented characters or speakers.

A reason offered in support of a claim, whose relevance and evidential limits must be explained.

The connection of ideas and linguistic parts into a recoverable textual progression, supported by reference and appropriate linking expressions.

The language choices appropriate to purpose, recipient and relationship, rather than one fixed phrase for every communicative situation.

The intended recipient whose needs and background shape selection, explanation and register in a written message.

A reformulation that preserves essential meaning in different wording, without inventing facts or changing the source’s conditions.