Egyptian Board Cardiology - independent subject foundations key terms

A rise or fall of cardiac troponin with at least one value above the reference threshold, interpreted separately from proof of ischemic infarction.

A clinically unstable ischemic presentation that can occur without biomarker evidence of acute myocardial necrosis and requires clinical risk assessment.

A working category of infarction without obstructive coronary disease that requires investigation of the underlying mechanism and exclusion of mimics.

Restoration of blood flow to ischemic myocardium through an appropriate emergency strategy selected using presentation, timing, contraindications and local capability.

A post-infarction mechanical complication creating a ventricular left-to-right communication that can cause a murmur, shock and an oxygen-saturation step-up.

A clinical heart-failure syndrome with preserved measured ejection fraction, supported by evidence of abnormal filling or related structural and functional findings.

Combining diuretic actions at different nephron sites for selected resistant congestion while monitoring renal function, electrolytes and the clinical response.

Myocardial deposition disease requiring appropriate subtype assessment; suggestive wall thickness and strain patterns do not independently establish its protein type.

Mechanical interaction between ventricles such that changes in filling or pressure in one chamber influence the other under relevant physiological constraints.

Hemodynamic compromise from pericardial pressure impairing cardiac filling, diagnosed through integrated clinical and imaging assessment rather than effusion size alone.

A supraventricular tachycardia mechanism involving functionally distinct conduction pathways near or within the atrioventricular node, interpreted using rhythm and clinical findings.

Atrial fibrillation conducting through an accessory pathway, in which inappropriate AV nodal blockade can create a dangerous ventricular response.

A pacing strategy designed to improve coordinated ventricular activation in appropriately selected patients with electrical dyssynchrony and heart-failure features.

Mitral regurgitation arising principally from pathology of the valve apparatus rather than ventricular or atrial remodeling with relatively normal leaflets.

A discordant valve-assessment pattern requiring verification of measurements and flow conditions and sometimes additional imaging to establish actual severity.

Severe pulmonary vascular disease associated with reversal or bidirectional flow through a previously left-to-right cardiovascular shunt and systemic desaturation.

Persistently uncontrolled pressure despite an appropriate multidrug regimen after measurement error, adherence problems and out-of-office patterns have been assessed.

The difference between mean pulmonary artery and wedge pressures divided by cardiac output, usually expressed in Wood units with compatible measurements.

A pressure-derived index obtained during appropriate hyperemia to help assess the physiological significance of a coronary lesion within its clinical context.

A magnetic resonance tissue-characterization finding whose distribution can help distinguish ischemic scar from several nonischemic myocardial disease patterns.